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Spirobisindane-based hole transporting materials for conventional and indoor halide perovskite solar cells
Get PDFHole transporting materials (HTMs) are a vital component for both conventional and indoor perovskite solar cells. Spiro-OMeTAD has become one of the most widely studied HTM; however, its high molecular symmetry tends to give rise to nonuniform films that are not conducive to good photovoltaic device stability and large-area processing. Moreover, other issues relating to Spiro-OMeTAD, such as high cost, have spurred investigations into the development of new HTMs. Here, we report two spirobisindane-based HTMs (AS-135 and AS-179) for conventional and indoor perovskite solar cells. The lower symmetry and ability to synthesize from cheap, readily accessible precursors provides obvious advantages over Spiro-OMeTAD. We show that spirobisindane-based HTMs are effective HTMs under both 1 Sun and indoor illumination upon doping with LiTFSi and power conversion efficiency ≈11% were demonstrated under 1 Sun and over 20% under 1000 lx indoor illuminance
Supramolecular assembly of covalently modified Anderson-type polyoxometalates and crown ethers towards pseudo-rotaxane structures
Get PDFThe supramolecular assembly of a series of covalently modified Anderson-type polyoxometalates (POMs) and 18-crown-6 ethers was investigated for the first time. Seven new POM–crown ether complexes were prepared by varying the countercations and the modification mode of the Anderson clusters, and they were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI–TOF–MS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), etc. Alkali metal cations within the cavities of the crown ethers served as supercations to bind to the POM hybrids, thereby forming supramolecular assemblies with different architectures and compositions. More interestingly, five of the seven POM–crown ether complexes possessed novel pseudo-rotaxane structures, which were obtained by changing the modification mode of the Anderson clusters from symmetric to asymmetric. These pseudo-rotaxanes have not been reported previously and are considered important intermediates in the construction of POM-based supramolecular architectures with complementary structural and chemical properties
Social policy and the determinants of vulnerability missing race in climate adaptation
No full textThis article stresses the need for climate adaptation to better grasp the social dynamics of vulnerability to climate change. It argues that prevailing approaches in the UK have been inattentive to the social determinants of vulnerability for ethnic and racial minorities. The article begins by setting out the ways in which adaptation is understood and interpolated across multiple levels in the policy process, before discussing why prevailing approaches struggle to recognise that certain social dynamics render some populations more vulnerable to the ongoing effects of climate change. Following this, it will focus on domains of housing and health to reinscribe vulnerability in adaptation as a multidimensional concept, something that registers differentiated levels of structured adaptive capacity by focusing on racialised communities. It concludes by elaborating ways forward in climate adaptation planning and action
Women in History - International Woman's Day event
No full textThe Women in History International Woman's Day event consisted of a series of workshops run by students from Glasgow, Strathclyde, and Edinburgh. Our main goal for the public engagement event was to educate members of the public in a less conventional away, this is why our workshops were created with the intention of being very interactive and giving attendees the space to ask questions to further their learning. Our workshops included topics such as women in literature, history, art, and archaeology. As well as the workshops the event included tours of Linlithgow Palace and St Michael's Kirk. The event was completely free and family friendly to ensure no barriers for people wanting to attend
Accelerated investigation of complex reaction cascades via digital aerosol chemistry coupled to online mass spectrometry
Get PDFThe study of self-assembly is complicated by the fleeting nature of many intermediates, as well as poor observability due to insoluble products and reaction conditions that preclude real-time monitoring. This obscures mechanisms and prevents reaction optimisation. We present a novel programmable platform combining aerosol chemistry with online mass spectrometry that radically expands the scope and efficiency of observing the formation of self-assembled structures via reaction cascades via a rapid feedback loop that facilitates exploration of diverse stoichiometries and reaction conditions. We demonstrate the versatility of our workflow via three distinct case studies: anion-initiated polymerization of cyanoacrylate, macrocyclic Schiff base synthesis, and the self-assembly of a covalent organic framework. Real-time online mass spectrometry revealed short-lived intermediates across all systems, helping to elucidate reaction pathways and mechanisms. Product distribution was shown to be responsive to the timing and activation of reagent aerosol sources, opening up the possibility of programmatic control over reaction outcomes and algorithmic optimisation for specific products. The wide applicability of this automated workflow — amenable to the study of small molecules, as well as linear and networked macromolecules — is amplified by its exceptionally short feedback loop thanks to near-instant reagent release and rapid mass-spectrometric readout. A powerful and efficient tool for mechanism elucidation as well as the synthesis and discovery of complex functional architectures, it has potential applications in catalysis, materials science, and sustainable industrial processes
Lagrangian skeleta and Koszul duality on bionic symplectic varieties
Get PDFWeconsider the category of modules over sheaves of Deformation-Quantization (DQ) algebras on bionic symplectic varieties. These spaces are equipped with both an elliptic Gₘ-action and a Hamiltonian Gₘ-action, with finitely many fixed points. On these spaces one can consider geometric category O: the category of (holonomic) modules supported on the Lagrangian attracting set of the Hamiltonian action. We show that there exists a local generator in geometric category O whose dg endomorphism ring, cohomologically supported on the Lagrangian attracting set, is derived equivalent to the category of all DQ-modules. This is a version of Koszul duality generalizing the equivalence between D-modules on a smooth variety and dg-modules over the de Rham complex
The magnetic topology of AR13664 leading to its first halo CME
Get PDFIn the first half of May 2024, the solar active region (AR) NOAA 13664 was responsible for generating the strongest geomagnetic storm in over 20 years through an enhanced production of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A key factor in this production was the complex magnetic topology of AR13664. In this work, we investigate the region's magnetic topology related to the production of its first halo CME on May 8th. This is achieved by combining different observations of magnetic topology based on photospheric magnetic helicity and winding signatures and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, together with Atmospheric Imaging Assembly observations at different wavelengths. We present evidence that the first halo CME, and its associated X1.0 flare, was created by an emerging twisted flux tube within AR13664, following the general picture of the standard flare model. The coincidence of the first large magnetic winding signature with the start time of the X1.0 flare provides the onset time for the CME as well as the period of enhanced eruptive activity of the region—04:36 UT on May 8th
Natural dispersal is better than translocation for reducing risks of inbreeding depression in eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli)
Get PDFDue to increasing anthropogenic impacts, many species survive only in small and isolated populations. Active conservation management to reduce extinction risk includes increasing habitat connectivity, translocations from captive populations, or intensive surveillance of highly protected closed populations. Advances in sequencing technology mean that it is now possible to consider the genomic impacts of such strategies, as a proxy for variation in individual fitness. Using whole genome sequences from critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli), we compare the consequences of different types of conservation efforts, based on cohorts of offspring resulting from parents from different sources. Based on the fraction of the genome in runs of homozygosity (ROH) of different lengths, we found lower inbreeding in offspring of individuals that had either been translocated from ex-situ populations (FROH>1Mb = 0.047) or dispersed between proximate native populations (FROH>1Mb = 0.065) compared to the intensively managed closed population from which the migrant moved (FROH>1Mb = 0.112). However, the benefit of such movement was removed after only a few generations of closed breeding (FROH>1Mb = 0.149). Although sample size restricted power to detect significance of differences, the relative abundance of highly deleterious mutations was higher for offspring resulting from translocation compared to the other cohorts and this load was sheltered by higher heterozygosity, which could increase risks of inbreeding depression if inbreeding subsequently occurs. In contrast, native dispersers reduced the negative effects of inbreeding without compromising the benefits of past purging of deleterious mutations. Our study highlights the importance of natural dispersal and reiterates the importance of maintaining habitat corridors between populations
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