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An Introduction to the Centre for Teaching Excellence’s Research Briefs: Identifying, Selecting, Reading, and Synthesising Research. Research Brief
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Mìneachadh air Geàrr-phàipearan Rannsachaidh an Ionaid Shàr-mhathais ann an Teagasg: A’ comharrachadh, a’ taghadh, a’ leughadh agus a’ cur rannsachadh còmhla. Geàrr-phàipear Rannsachaidh
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Two Decades of IETF Affiliations: Evolution and Impact
Get PDFStandards developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) are critical to the operation of the Internet. Understanding which organisations employ or support participants
in the IETF is therefore critical to understanding the development of the Internet. In this paper, we present a longitudinal
analysis of affiliation changes in the period 2001–2023, covering 73,764 individuals affiliated with 6,940 organisations.
We show that organisational diversity first grew, before remaining broadly constant or even declining (e.g., meeting
attendance and RFC authorship). Affiliations have gradually
shifted away from North America-based organisations, with
an increase in European and Asian organisations. We also
observe that a change in affiliation has a short-lived positive
impact on participant output and engagement, and increases
the chance that an RFC is published, but slows its publication
Local-scale impacts of mangrove restoration and conservation on coastal communities in two Vietnamese deltas: socio-economic and institutional dynamics
Get PDFThis study investigates the nuanced local-scale impacts of mangrove restoration and conservation efforts on coastal communities in Vietnam's Mekong and Red River deltas, focusing on socio-economic dynamics and institutional frameworks. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data was systematically collected through focus group discussions and in-depth key informant interviews, at various administrative levels. The findings reveal the key role of mangroves in enhancing livelihoods, economic resilience, and community well-being. In integrated systems, mangroves boost aquaculture yields and provide additional income through activities such as seafood foraging, while also contributing to recreation and social cohesion. Despite these benefits, challenges persist, including concerns about sustainability, market access, and regulatory barriers. Governance issues, such as inconsistent enforcement of the Forestry Law and unauthorised aquaculture conversion, highlight the need for more transparent and effective management. Historically, Vietnamese policies have put a greater emphasis on development rather than long-term ecosystem health, yet current trends show a shift towards prioritising mangrove conservation. Effective mangrove management requires an inclusive, ecosystem-based approach that addresses conflicting interests and institutional dynamics. Community perspectives reveal the necessity for equitable benefit distribution and active participation in decision-making. Future research should focus on integrated strategies for mangrove restoration and community development, including creating conservation-related job opportunities to enhance monitoring efforts and support sustainable management
Changes in lean mass and fat mass in children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Get PDFBackground:
Deficits in skeletal muscle and function, with resultant abnormal body composition, is a recognised feature of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI). Less is known about longitudinal change in body composition in OI. Our objective was to perform a retrospective analysis of longitudinal change in body composition (lean mass and fat mass) in children with OI.
Methodology:
Data was collected from 29 children, with a diagnosis of OI, who had at least two dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans performed between 2015 and 2022. Assessed variables of height, body mass index (BMI), lean mass index (LMI) and fat mass index (FMI), were converted to z scores. Results were reported as median (range).
Results:
Median age at baseline and follow-up were 10.7 and 14.2 years, respectively. Median height z-score at baseline was -1.10, which was significantly lower than a control population (p<0.001). Median height z-score at latest follow-up was -0.80, which was not significantly different from baseline (p=0.870). Median BMI z-score at baseline was 0.15, which was not significantly different than a control population (p=0.804). Median BMI z-score at latest follow-up was 0.02, which was not significantly different from baseline (p=0.730). At baseline, median LMI z-score was -2.43, which was significantly lower than a control population (p<0.001). Median LMI z-score at follow-up was -1.78, which was not significantly different from baseline (p=0.080). At baseline, median FMI z-score was 0.57 which was significantly higher than a control population (p=0.001). Median FMI z-score at follow-up was 0.62, which was not significantly different from baseline (p=0.540).
Conclusion:
Children with OI have abnormal body composition throughout childhood typically with low lean mass and relatively high fat mass. These abnormalities in body composition do not change with follow-up. Strategies to improve lean mass, including physical or medical therapies, should be explored in OI given the close relationship between muscle and bone
The mental health of the young in Asia and the Middle East: the importance of self-reports
Get PDFWe examine the age profile of subjective wellbeing and illbeing in nine Asian countries (Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka) and seven Middle Eastern countries (Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Yemen). We find the relationship between age and reported wellbeing differs according to the way the survey is conducted. In the Gallup World Poll, where the data are collected by interviewers face-to-face or by telephone (computer-aided telephone interviews, or CATI) the young are the happiest and the results are the same across the two survey modes. We find the same result in CATI surveys in the Global Flourishing Survey (GFS) of 2022–2024 in 7 Asian and Middle Eastern countries. However, when the GFS survey is conducted on the web (computer-aided web interview, or CAWI) wellbeing is u-shaped in age, and is highest among the oldest respondents. If we turn to negative affect measures (loneliness, anxiety, depression, worry) these rise with age using CATI but fall with age using CAWI. We look for survey mode switching in the age coefficient across 40 outcomes. In general, the switch is confined to subjective wellbeing and illbeing metrics. Switching does not occur when respondents are asked about their physical health, bodily pain, unemployment status, drinking and smoking, or personality-related questions. It appears that the mode effect is largely confined to how individuals rate their subjective wellbeing and illbeing. The results are suggestive of social desirability response bias which leads young people to under-report socially undesirable affective states to interviewers
Spatial imaginaries and the construction of regions: a Cultural Political Economy approach
Get PDFSpatial imaginaries are central in the construction of spaces of governance, as alternative conceptualisations of the region compete and combine with existing regional forms. This paper analytically isolates three periods of relative stability in the North West region of England and uses the TPSN (territory, place, scale, network) schema within a cultural political economy framing to explore how ideas expressed as spatial imaginaries interacted to produce regional forms. The paper’s contribution is in drawing together multiple socio-spatial dimensions within a long-term analysis of regionalisation. Its findings show that concepts of more recent formulation are anachronistically found in the spatial strategies of earlier periods
Corporate responsibility and the state: business lobbying on climate change in the UK
Get PDFTo what extent are the lobbying positions of large corporations consistent with the increasingly prominent corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitments that these organizations champion? Are corporations with more stringent internal sustainability policies more likely to support state regulation to address related social and environmental challenges? Or do these companies use their CSR credentials to engage in deregulatory lobbying as some greenwashing accounts imply? We address this question by examining the testimony given by representatives of FTSE 350 companies to UK parliamentary committees scrutinizing climate change policy—a core sustainability issue—between 2005 and 2019. Using publicly available ratings of the companies’ environmental, social and governance practices we compare how high and low CSR companies testified in front of these legislative committees. We find that companies with stronger CSR commitments are more likely to support state interventions into the market to combat climate change, offer policymakers clearer justifications for their policy stances and include higher quality policy-related evidence in their testimony; these differences remain consistent and increase across the 14-year period analyzed. In short, CSR credentials appear to be a credible signal of greater support for state action on climate change and higher quality lobbying
Capturing the human impact of living with multiple long-term conditions in routine electronic health records – lost in translation?
Get PDFBackground:
Living with multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) involves ‘work’. A recent qualitative synthesis identified eight patient-centred work themes: ‘learning and adapting’, ‘accumulation and complexity’, ‘investigation and monitoring’, ‘health service and administration’ and ‘symptom’, ‘emotional’, ‘medication’ and ‘financial’ work. These themes may be underrepresented in electronic health records (EHRs). This study aimed to evaluate the representation of these themes and their constituent concepts in EHR data in a general population and among individuals with history of a mental health condition.
Methods:
Using the OpenCodelists builder from OpenSAFELY, clinical code lists corresponding to work concepts were developed using Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) and validated by two clinicians. Additional concepts were engineered within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. We analysed trends in recording rates over 20 years across a SAIL general population cohort (n=5,180,602) and a CPRD cohort comprising individuals with a mental health diagnosis (n=3,616,776) and matched controls (n=4,457,225).
Results:
55 code lists and seven engineered concepts were developed across the themes. The proportion of patients with codes related to ‘investigation and monitoring’ exceeded 40%, while ‘accumulation and complexity’ and ‘financial work’ were poorly represented (<2% and <1% of the study population respectively). Recording was generally higher among individuals with a mental health diagnosis history.
Conclusion:
While EHR data captures some aspects of MLTC work, patient-centred concepts are under-represented. Future research should explore reasons behind variability in coding practices, and innovative methods for enriching structured records with patient-centred data
Public interest litigation avant la lettre? Questions of standing in the Wimbledon case
Get PDFRecent proceedings before the International Court of Justice (‘ICJ’, ‘Court’) have revived the doctrine of obligations erga omnes (partes) as a vehicle for rationalising forms of public interest litigation. It is now no longer seriously in doubt that States can rely on the erga omnes doctrine to establish standing to file complaints. This is an overdue clarification – but not a dramatic departure. In fact, this contribution shows that forms of public interest litigation were recognised already by the ICJ’s predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice (‘PICJ’). To show as much, the contribution offers a close reading of the PCIJ’s first judgment – the famous Wimbledon case – which accepted that applicants, irrespective of any individual legal interest, could initiate proceedings aimed at defending access to an international waterway. This early form of public interest standing was recognised on the basis of a generally worded jurisdictional clause, without any reference to concepts such as obligations erga omnes (partes). Looked at from a contemporary perspective, it is remarkable how pragmatically the PCIJ – in Wimbledon and beyond – handled questions of standing. Its approach holds much appeal as the international community of States now continues to seriously explore the possibility of public interest litigation
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