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Factors associated with the identification and well-being of hidden and confirmed carers: a dyad analysis
Get PDFObjectives:
Growing numbers of older people living with disability or long-term conditions are being cared for by family members and friends on an informal, unpaid basis. “Hidden carers,” who provide care to another person but either do not recognize their role or consciously reject it, are overlooked by policymakers and services that rely on self-identification.
Methods
We compare reports of informal care provision and receipt between dyads of household members in Understanding Society to identify hidden (N = 5,615) vs. confirmed (N = 3,129) informal carers and explore their characteristics and well-being outcomes.
Results:
Hidden carers tended to support someone with fewer limitations or difficulties, but were more likely to be in need/in receipt of informal care themselves. Informal carers who were receiving formal care or caring for someone who had more contact with health and care professionals were more likely to identify their caring role; however, the same was not true for their own contact with health services. Compared with confirmed carers, hidden carers had better mental health and greater life satisfaction, and, among couples, were happier with their relationship with their partner for whom they cared.
Discussion:
Identification of informal carers is a priority for policymakers, but self-identification is complex, with potentially contradictory barriers. Focusing on caring activities rather than relying on self-identification may be a more acceptable means of identifying informal carers who are in need of support
Organ-specific shifts in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism throughout metamorphosis into adulthood in a fully aquatic amphibian
Get PDFMost animals experience abrupt developmental transitions involving major tissue remodeling, but the links with metabolic changes remain poorly understood. We examined ontogenetic changes in mitochondrial volume, oxidative capacity, oxygen consumption capacity, and anaerobic capacity across four organs (gut, liver, heart, and hindlimb muscle) in Xenopus laevis from metamorphosis to adulthood. These organs differ in the extent of developmental transformation. Mitochondrial volume increased notably in the metamorphosing gut and remained stable in the heart, decreased in the liver, and increased in the hindlimb muscle post-metamorphosis. Oxidative capacity was lower at metamorphosis than in later stages in the gut, heart, and hindlimb and showed the opposite pattern in the liver. Oxygen consumption capacity remained stable in the gut and liver but increased in the post-metamorphic heart and hindlimb. Anaerobic capacity increased with age across all organs. These findings reveal organ-specific patterns in metabolic capacity during development, reflecting varying energetic demands such as tissue remodeling during metamorphosis (e.g., in the gut) or increased locomotion post-metamorphosis (e.g., the heart and hindlimb muscle). Higher anaerobic capacity suggests an alternative way to cope with low oxygen during intense activity post-metamorphosis. This work provides a foundation for understanding how metabolic dynamics shape developmental transitions and their eco-evolutionary implications
The Impostor Phenomenon in the Global Computing Graduate Student Population
Get PDFSeveral studies have confirmed that undergraduates in computing programs frequently experience the Impostor Phenomenon (IP). However, this work has largely focused on North America and Europe, and no work has evaluated graduate students in computing. This study evaluates the rate of IP experiences in graduate programs globally to determine whether rates of IP experiences are consistent and whether there are institutions or locations with lower rates of IP that might inform the development of support systems to reduce its prevalence. We perform a multi-institutional, multi-national survey-based study of 11 institutions, with at least one on every populated continent. The survey asks graduate students to complete the Clance IP scale (CIPS), which is the standard evaluation instrument for IP, as well as to answer a number of demographic questions that establish their experience level, gender, and ethnicity. We evaluate the overall level of IP experiences at each institution as well as across regions, and we explore the interaction between CIPS scores, region, and demographic factors
Considering Spatial Skills Training Methods for Computer Science Students
Get PDFStudents' spatial skills are correlated with performance in STEM disciplines, including computer science. Fortunately, these skills can be trained, consequently improving computing course outcomes. The typical spatial skills training in computing education utilizes a workbook that helps students visualize and sketch the rotation of 3-D shapes. However, more methods have been tested in other STEM fields, including video games and spatial-related toys. In this position paper, we discuss these methods from adjacent fields and present a case of how to pilot them with our computer science students. We argue for the need for more flexible, but still impactful, spatial skills training methods to support our students. These methods could also provide a lower barrier to entry to teaching spatial skills, leading to more computing instructors adopting these methods and more computing students having spatial skills training opportunities. Further, broadening our spatial skills training methods can help us better understand the connections between spatial skills and computer science, which is especially obscure given the abstract nature of our field
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Scotland following public health interventions: population based study
Get PDFIntroduction: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes, with no safe lower limit established. We evaluated the individual and cumulative impact of three alcohol- related interventions on maternal alcohol use and perinatal outcomes in Scotland.
Methods: Population- based study using Scottish National Health Service administrative linked data of all mothers giving birth in Scotland between 1 April 2013 and 31 December 2019. We investigated if alcohol consumption during pregnancy, as well as perinatal outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal unit admission, and premature birth were affected by Public Health measures. The individual and cumulative effects of (1) Change in drink- driving legislation (5 December 2014), (2) UK Chief Medical Officers’ (CMO) advice to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy (6 January 2016) and (3) Alcohol minimum unit pricing (MUP) (1 May 2018) were assessed using time series analysis.
Results: Of 346 360 antenatal care initiates, 92.7% had alcohol consumption data. By 2019, 26.1% reported alcohol use during pregnancy, with 55.2% women consuming >4 units per week. In women reporting alcohol use, MUP introduction showed a significant reduction in consumption by 0.59 (95% CI −0.99 to –0.18) units/week, contributing to an overall 0.69 (95% CI −0.90 to –0.48) units/week decrease following all interventions. Additionally, we observed improvements in perinatal outcomes, including reduced SGA (adjusted relative risk (adjRR) 0.88, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.90), and neonatal unit admission (adjRR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.96), but not stillbirth (adjRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.02) or preterm birth (adjRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.13) following the implementation of these collective public health interventions.
Conclusions: One in four women self- reported alcohol consumption during early pregnancy. Only MUP was associated with lower consumption among pregnant women. The public health measures were collectively associated with improvement in select perinatal outcomes, highlighting the potential effectiveness of universal interventions
Die Ergebnisse des Konzils von Nizäa in der Praxis der Kirchen – Anglikanisch
No full textThe Council of Nicaea shapes the liturgical practice of the Anglican churches through the regular use of the Nicene Creed during the celebration of the Eucharist. The synodical and provincial structures of the Anglican Communion, as well as the requirement that at least three bishops participate in an episcopal consecration, also draw on Nicaea. However, the “Nicene faith” in the Anglican churches usually refers to a Trinitarian faith without emphasizing the pre-existence of the Son
A longitudinal study examining the effect of carer-child relationship quality on child’s emotional and behavioural difficulties while in care
Get PDFEarly relationships between a caregiver and their child set the foundations for many aspects of the child’s development. Exposure to abuse or neglect can negatively impact the security and stability within these early relationships. The aim of this project was to characterise the association between carer-child relationship quality and child’s mental health over a period of 2.5 years. We used data collected between 2011 and 2022 as part of the Best Services Trial (BeST?). The sample consisted of 220 children entering foster/kinship care who were between 0.08 (0.96 months) and 5.58 years at first data collection visit. Relationship quality was assessed using Parent-Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS), and child emotional and behavioural difficulties was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and The Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA). Data was examined from two time points, a few weeks after entering foster/kinship care and after 2.5 years. The quality of the carer-child relationship did not predict emotional and behavioural outcomes for the child at a later time point. Nonetheless, we found that overall, children had significantly better relationships with their carers at the 2.5 year follow up than at baseline. This highlights a need for specific tailored interventions for care-experienced children, to support their emotional and behavioural needs and improve long term outcomes
Precarity in a Black Anthropocene: black aesthetics and climate change on a broken earth
Get PDFPrecarity has become an important concern in International Relations, driven in part by the crisis of climate change, environmental destruction, and mass extinction. The rise of precarity is increasingly discussed in relation to the critique of modernity and the Anthropocene, as political concern grows about the potential “end of the world.” Building on work in aesthetic politics, and recent discussions in Black Studies, this paper engages with the speculative fiction of NK Jemisin to think through the relationship between Blackness, materiality, and precarity. Through reading Jemisin, we can gain a better understanding of the entanglement of race, climate change, and modernity in creating the conditions for the Anthropocene, as well as opening up a space for alternative ways of addressing the crisis. The paper highlights the ways that Jemisin’s work allows us to think about climate change through the entanglement of the social, the material and the racial, allows for cyclical or non-linear temporal narratives, and speculatively explores the ways that racialized people helped to create but can also destabilize the conditions of the Anthropocene
Consumer Agenda 2025-2030: CREATe Response to the European Commission Consultation
Get PDFThis working paper develops from a CREATe response to the European Commission’s public
consultation on the Consumer Agenda 2025–2030. In line with the submission on 28 August
2025, this paper identifies challenges that jeopardise fairness and consumer welfare within the
European Union. It highlights five pressing issues: algorithmic profiling-based unfair designs in
online games; interference of technological protection measures (TPMs) with exceptions and
limitations to copyright; agentic AI and its implications for digital fairness and consumer
protection; affinity-based algorithmic pricing as a regulatory grey zone; and legal uncertainty in
applying EU algorithmic transparency to music streaming. To address these challenges, the
paper proposes reforms including enhanced transparency and design guidance, updates to EU
copyright law, explicit inclusion of agentic AI and affinity-based pricing in the consumer
protection agenda, and clarification of the consumer law provisions for hybrid platforms
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