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Global ocean surface heat fluxes derived from the maximum entropy production framework accounting for ocean heat storage and Bowen ratio adjustments
Get PDFOcean evaporation, represented by latent heat flux (LE), plays a crucial role in global precipitation patterns, water cycle dynamics, and energy exchange processes. However, existing bulk methods for quantifying ocean evaporation are associated with considerable uncertainties. The maximum entropy production (MEP) theory provides a novel framework for estimating surface heat fluxes, but its application over ocean surfaces remains largely unvalidated. Given the substantial heat storage capacity of the deep ocean, which can create temporal mismatches between variations in heat fluxes and radiation, it is crucial to account for heat storage when estimating heat fluxes. This study derived global ocean heat fluxes using the MEP theory, incorporating the effects of heat storage and adjustments to the Bowen ratio (the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat). We utilized multi-source data from seven auxiliary turbulent flux datasets and 129 globally distributed buoy stations to refine and validate the MEP model. The model was first evaluated using observed data from buoy stations, and the Bowen ratio formula that most effectively enhanced the model performance was identified. By incorporating the heat storage effect and adjusting the Bowen ratio within the MEP model, the accuracy of the estimated heat fluxes was significantly improved, achieving an R2 of 0.99 (regression slope: 0.97) and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.7 W m−2 compared to observations. The improved MEP method successfully addressed the underestimation of LE and the overestimation of sensible heat by the original model, providing new global estimates of LE at 93 W m−2 and sensible heat at 12 W m−2 for the annual average from 1988–2017. Compared to the 129 buoy stations, the MEP-derived global LE dataset achieved the highest accuracy, with a mean error (ME) of 1.3 W m−2, an RMSE of 15.9 W m−2, and a Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.89, outperforming four major long-term global heat flux datasets, including J-OFURO3, ERA5, MERRA-2, and OAFlux. Analysis of long-term trends revealed a significant increase in global ocean evaporation from 1988–2010 at a rate of 3.58 mm yr−1, followed by a decline at −2.18 mm yr−1 from 2010–2017. This dataset provides a new benchmark for the ocean surface energy budget and is expected to be a valuable resource for studies on global ocean warming, sea surface–atmosphere energy exchange, the water cycle, and climate change. The 0.25° monthly global ocean heat flux dataset based on the maximum entropy production method (GOHF-MEP) for 1988–2017 is publicly accessible at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26861767.v2 (Yang et al., 2024)
Deep Learning based Real-Time Approach for Optimal Power Flow in Unbalanced Distribution Systems with High-Level EV Penetration
Get PDFWith the emergent and rapidly increasing demands for transport decarbonization onto the grid for mobility
and freight. This becomes an increasing stochastic optimization
challenge for grid network operators. Traditional optimization
methods struggle to address the real-time requirements of
these highly dynamic systems, particularly under ultra-rapid
electric vehicle (EV) charging scenarios. To tackle these issues,
this paper proposes a high-resolution optimization framework
leveraging a Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based approach
for solving the AC Optimal Power Flow (AC-OPF) problem
in three-phase unbalanced power distribution networks. The
proposed framework incorporates practical EV charging load
models and Soft Open Points (SOPs) to enhance flexibility and
stability in network operations. By decomposing the optimization problem into quasi-real-time intervals, the method enables
rapid computation of control actions while ensuring operational
constraints are met. Case studies conducted on the IEEE 13-
node system, show a reduction in computation time to less than
1 second for ultra-rapid charging scenarios, compared to over
67 seconds using traditional methods. Additionally, network
losses are reduced by up to 52% with the integration of SOPs,
with voltage profiles maintained within safe operational limits,
even under 90% EV penetration level. These findings highlight
the proposed framework’s potential to improve the reliability
and efficiency of future power distribution networks
An enhanced total Lagrangian SPH for non-linear and finite strain elastic structural dynamics
No full textThe paper presents a variationally consistent Total Lagrangian SPH (TLSPH) model for non-linear and finite strain elastic structural dynamics. To enhance the approximation of stresses (dynamics) and thus accelerations (kinematics), the deformation gradient computation is enhanced to ensure second-order completeness and accordingly the discretized momentum equation is also reformulated so that the accelerations are consistently obtained with respect to the targeted second-order completeness. In addition, a novel Riemann stabilization term is proposed with respect to the rank deficiency of TLSPH particularly for challenging structural dynamics problems including fast dynamics and kinematical discontinuities. The new Riemann term is second-order accurate in space and includes a limiter for effective stabilization. This stabilization term is derived from the material acoustic tensor of the solid model employed, carefully accounting for both volumetric (compression) and shear wave contributions. The proposed TLSPH including the C2nd (2nd-order Completeness) and cR (complete Riemann term including volumetric and shear wave contributions) schemes is verified by considering six classical benchmark tests
Housing (un)affordability, (in)security and (in)justice as social determinants of health
No full textThis chapter unpacks housing as a social determinant of health in developed economies, broadly considering the interconnected influences of history, lived and felt experiences, changing policies, welfare regimes, governance, regulation and the evolution of financialization on health-related outcomes. The realities of housing markets globally are extreme reflections of global wealth, excess and profit on one hand and personal poverty, struggle and neglect on the other. Housing is often unaffordable, insecure and unjust, all of which result in negative implications for health. Housing markets are in crisis, and need to be reconsidered, reconceptualized and revitalized, through effective state and welfare policies, progressive social and economic reforms and effective regulation to improve lived and felt experiences of housing, home and health
Gambling harms in the era of legal gambling expansion—a growing health problem
Get PDFNo abstract available
Slow-wave sleep is associated with nucleus accumbens volume in elderly adults
Get PDFSlow-wave sleep (SWS) is essential for restorative neural processes, and its decline is associated with both healthy and pathological ageing. Building on previous rodent research, this longitudinal study identified a significant association between nucleus accumbens (NAcc) volume and SWS duration in cognitively unimpaired older adults, whilst no significant link was observed between NAcc volume and N2 or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage. Our findings support the involvement of the NAcc in ageing-related modulation of SWS and thus suggest the NAcc as a potential neural marker or therapeutic target for improving SWS
Did horses act as intermediate hosts that facilitated the emergence of 1918 pandemic influenza?
No full textThe ecological factors that led to the 1918 influenza pandemic remain unknown. We hypothesize that horses acted as intermediate hosts spreading a prepandemic avian-origin virus before 1918. This is supported by reports describing a large epizootic of unusually severe equine influenza beginning in 1915. Furthermore, the high horse demand during World War I resulted in one of the biggest equine mobilizations in North America between 1914 and 1918. This extensive movement of horses provided abundant opportunities for virus reassortment between prepandemic avian and human influenza viruses. Archived equine tissues or serum samples will be needed to test this hypothesis
Sociology of labour law and the economy
Get PDFThis short article reviews research on the sociology of labour law and the economy, highlighting, in the final paragraph, research of that nature that has been published in this journal. As a supplement to Sabine Frerichs’ more general reconstruction, in this issue, of how different generations of socio-legal thinking have dealt with matters of law, economy and society, it briefly sketches the theorising and analysis of the economy in labour law scholarship, from the beginning of the 20th century until today
Fractional skyrmion tubes in chiral-interfaced 3D magnetic nanowires
Get PDFMagnetic skyrmions are chiral spin textures with rich physics and great potential for unconventional computing. Typically, skyrmions form in bulk crystals with reduced symmetry or ultrathin film multilayers involving heavy metals. Here, the formation of fractional Bloch skyrmion tubes at room temperature is demonstrated by 3D printing ferromagnetic double-helix nanowires with two regions of opposite chirality. Using X-ray microscopy and micromagnetic simulations, it is shown that the coexistence of vortex and anti-parallel spin states induces the formation of fractional skyrmion tubes at zero magnetic fields, minimizing the energy cost of breaking the coupling between geometric and magnetic chirality. Control over zero-field states is also demonstrated, including pure vortex, or mixed skyrmion-vortex states, highlighting the magnetic reconfigurability of these 3D nanowires. This work shows how interfacing chiral geometries at the nanoscale can enable advanced forms of topological spintronics
Structures of feeling in the affective economies of renting in the Majority World: an interpretative synthesis of qualitative research
Get PDFRecent interest in private rented housing seen as a structural mechanism generator of inequalities of wealth, health and wellbeing has been dominated by accounts of tenants’ and landlords’ experiences in the Minority World. Advancing an interpretative synthesis of qualitative research focused on the understudied Majority World, hence a triple hermeneutic process of interpretation, this paper mobilizes Raymond Williams’ concept of ‘structures of feeling’ as a lens through which to engage with and better understand tenants’ and landlords’ experiences of renting in the different historical contexts of Eastern Europe, Western Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Drawing on three different theoretical routes, I develop a tripartite conceptualization of three structures of feeling – greed and exploitation, ethics of care, and cruel optimism – which inform my interpretative journey of substantiating the rich social tapestry of the affective economies of renting across 40 reviewed papers. Of a broader currency to housing and social policy studies, this theoretical interpretation shows that the affective economies of private renting are not only shaped by socioeconomic, political, regulatory or material structures but also by vivid structures of feeling that shape lived experiences in their own right as well as through their capacities of affecting those other structures
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