Policy Documentation Center

Lupu\u219or, Adrian

Popa, Ana

Prohni\u21bchi, Valeriu

MEGA - Moldova economic growth analysis, no.6, 2012

Rohntchi, Valeriu

Lupusor, Adrian

MEGA - Moldova Economic Growth Analysis, no.7, 2012

Azerbaijan Economy Since Independence; Independent View

Fox, Jon

Vidra, Zsuzsanna

The Radicalization of Media Discourse. The Rise of the Extreme Right in Hungary and the Roma Question

Jermalavicius, Tomas

Parmak, Merle

Towards a resilient society, or why Estonia does not need \u2019psychological defence\u2019

Ivan, Julia

Balazs, Laszlo

Varga-Szabo, Katalin

Access to Terrirory and Asylum Procedure in Hungary 2012

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2013 Humanitarian Aid Operational Strategy  
of the Czech Republic  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 
of the Czech Republic 
 
Development Cooperation  and Humanitarian  Aid Department 
Loretánské nám. 5, 118 00 Praha 1 
tel.: +420 224 182  366, fax: +420 224 182 491 
www.mzv.cz 
 1 
2013 Humanitarian Aid Operational Strategy of the Czech Republic  
The purpose of the Operational Strategy is to provide an overview of the basic aims of Czech 
humanitarian aid in 2013 on the background of global humanitarian needs and international 
commitments.  
 
1. Basic humanitarian principles, definitions and forms  
Providing of humanitarian aid financed from the Czech Government Budget is based on the 
Law on Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid, which entered into force on 
July 1, 2010.
1
 According to this law, the humanitarian aid (HA) is defined as a set of activities 
financed from the national budget in order to prevent loss of life and injury, to alleviate 
suffering and to restore basic living conditions of people after an emergency, as well as to 
mitigate long-lasting consequences of emergencies and to prevent their occurrence and 
negative consequences. 
The provision of humanitarian aid is governed by fundamental international humanitarian 
principles of humanity (the main goal is saving lives), impartiality (HA is provided strictly 
on the basis of needs), neutrality (the humanitarian actors do not favour any part of a given 
conflict) and independence (the aid is provided regardless of political, economic, military or 
other aims of the donor and/or beneficiary). The Czech Republic endorsed these principles in 
2006, having joined the Good Humanitarian Donorship (GHD) platform.
2
 
The Czech Republic appreciates and supports the principal role played by the United Nations 
and its Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Issues (UNOCHA) in coordination of 
humanitarian action (incl. cluster approach); as well as the important contribution of the UN 
agencies in implementing international humanitarian aid and assessing global humanitarian 
needs.  
The Czech Republic respects and supports the work of the International Committee of the 
Red Cross (ICRC), as well as the International Federation of Red Cross and Red 
Crescent Societies (IFRC), including its National Societies, in particular in distributing aid 
in unstable regions, in enforcing international humanitarian law (IHL) and contributing to 
disaster prevention and preparedness.  
As EU member, the Czech Republic takes part in the implementation of the Action Plan to the 
European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid and supports the global humanitarian activities 
of the European Union, in particular the advocacy for good donorship and IHL as well as the 
efforts towards qualified needs assessments and timely as well as adequate response, 
including its coordination.  
                                                 
1
 151/2010 Act on Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid and Amending Related Laws 
2 
PRINCIPLES AND GOOD PRACTICE OF HUMANITARIAN DONORSHIP, endorsed in Stockholm, 17 
June 2003, by 16 donor countries and the EC. Several other donors, incl. the Czech Republic (2006), have joined 
since than (41 in January 2013); the EU joined collectively in 2007 through the endorsement of the EU 
Consensus on humanitarian aid. The Czech Republic together with Denmark hold co-chairmanship in GHD 
Initiative from July 2012 until July 2013. 
 2 
As it follows from the above presented definition of humanitarian aid, the humanitarian 
assistance comprises both emergency aid (in the first days and weeks after an ad hoc 
catastrophe), early recovery of basic living conditions (in a horizon of months after a 
catastrophe) as well as a long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction in up to two years, 
where needed. Further important parts of the humanitarian assistance are disaster 
preparedness and disaster risk reduction as well as assistance in protracted (complex) 
humanitarian crises, incl. the focus on synergies between the humanitarian and development 
activities (Linking Relief, Recovery and Development, LRRD). 
The Czech Republic, similar to other donors, uses following main forms of aid provision: 
1) Financial (contributions to international organizations, grants for Czech humanitarian 
NGOs, financial transfers to foreign non-governmental and other institutions) – 
suitable in all types and phases of humanitarian emergencies; 
2) In-kind (in cooperation with the Ministry of the Interior – Directorate General of the 
Fire Rescue Service, DG FRS) – mainly in the first phase of ad hoc emergencies; 
3) Expert assistance (in cooperation with Ministry of the Interior – DG FRS) – mainly in 
the first phase of ad hoc emergencies (rescue and medical staff etc.), or in DRR 
framework. 
 
2. Global humanitarian needs and appeals 
United Nations Consolidated Appeals Process 2013 (CAP) 
Humanitarian aid shall be provided on the basis of needs. The UNOCHA Consolidated 
Appeals Process (CAP) represents a primary tool for identifying global humanitarian needs. 
The 2013 CAP has summed up humanitarian needs of 51 mio people in 16 countries (12 
countries in sub-Saharan Africa, further Afghanistan, Palestine, the Philippines/Mindanao and 
Yemen) with funding requirements amounting to USD 8.5 billion. Compared to 2012, the 
Horn of Africa region, Côte d´Ivoire and Haiti are not covered by CAP 2013. The most 
expensive operations are Somalia (1.3 billion USD), South Sudan (1.1 bil.), and Sudan 
(983 mio). Most people will be reached by humanitarian operations in Afghanistan and 
Yemen (more than 8 million people each). The humanitarian needs in DRC, Mali and 
Yemen are increasing, in Palestine and Zimbabwe decreasing.  
Separatelly from CAP, the Humanitarian Plan for Syria and Regional emergency plan for 
Syria were launched by UNOCHA for the first six months of the year. The former shall cover 
the humanitarian needs of up to 4 million people inside of Syria (520 mio USD), the later 
shall reach up to 1.1 million refugees from Syria in neighbouring countries. Further, UNRWA 
requires 91 mio USD in order to assist the Palestinian refugees affected by the crisis in Syria. 
 
 
 3 
ICRC Global Appeal 2013 
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) also issued its 2013 humanitarian 
appeal (Emergency Appeal – CHF 988.7 mio). The appeal sums up the funding 
requirements of operations addressing namely the situation of IDPs and refugees in countries 
affected by conflicts.  
The geographical shares are similar to previous years: 43% of the budgets are required for 
Africa (+2% compared to 2012 appeal), 23% for the Middle East countries (+3%), around 
20% are earmarked for Asia and the Pacific. Among the most expensive humanitarian 
operations are Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, DRC, South Sudan and Sudan. The ICRC 
activities in Pakistan remain suspended after the kidnapping and killing of one ICRC 
volunteer last year. Protection will take 19.7% of the ICRC budget, non-food aid 57%, 
prevention and preparedness 15%.    
 
ECHO Humanitarian Aid Operational Priorities for 2013 
Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (DG ECHO) is a leading 
humanitarian donor as well as a powerful advocate for good humanitarian donorship. In its 
implementing decision on the financing of humanitarian aid operational priorities for 2013, 
the European Commission makes proposals for the disbursement of the basic humanitarian 
budget amounting to EUR 856 million. 
Around 52% of the budgets will be earmarked for countries in sub-Saharan Africa, in 
particular Horn of Africa, Central Africa, Sudan, South Sudan, Sahel); 19% shall be 
spent in Asia and 16% in the Middle East region. 15% of the humanitarian budget are 
planned for "forgotten crises" (an increase by 5% compared to 2012), almost one third 
(31.7%) will be spent on food assistance, 5.4% on disaster preparedness. 
The establishment of EU Aid Volunteers, as well as the evaluation of the European 
Consensus on Humanitarian Aid (with a public consultation as the first step), is among 
further humanitarian priorities of DG ECHO in 2013.  
 
3. Humanitarian aid provided by the Czech Republic 
Summary of the humanitarian aid provided by the Czech Republic abroad in 2012 
The conflict in Syria and its negative impacts on the whole region (in particular in Jordan, 
Lebanon and Turkey) dominated not only the humanitarian area in 2012. The Czech Republic 
supported both IDPs inside of Syria and Syrian and Palestinian refugees in the neighbouring 
countries with a total contribution amounting 20.5 mio CzK.  
There were several other countries or regions affected by humanitarian consequences of 
conflicts in 2012: Sahel (in particular inside of Mali, with refugee flows to Burkina Faso, 
Mauritania and Niger); South Sudan and Sudan; DRC. Despite some stabilisation of the 
 4 
political situation, serious humanitarian problems prevailed in Somalia or Yemen. The Czech 
Republic contributed 25 mio CzK in humanitarian aid for these countries.  
The instability combined with disasters complicated the humanitarian situation in 
Afghanistan, Pakistan or in the eastern parts of Burma/Myanmar. The Czech Republic 
responded to their humanitarian needs with 11.5 mio CzK. 
Compared to conflicts, the natural disasters did not have so serious humanitarian impacts in 
2012. Parts of the sub-Saharan Africa faced again drought in the first half of the year. 
Hurricane Sandy affected Caribic and the densely populated eastern cost of the USA in the 
autumn – with the most serious consequences in Haiti. Large areas of the Pacific as well as 
the Central America region faced several cyclones and typhoons, followed by floods and 
landslides, in particular in Bangladesh, China and the Philippines. Even Nigeria faced the 
worst floods in 50 years. The Czech Republic committed in total 10.5 mio CzK to the 
emergency aid and early recovery. 
In 2012, the Czech Republic made further contributions to CERF (2.5 mio CzK from the 
humanitarian aid budget) and UNOCHA (2.5 mio CzK from a budget line for voluntary 
contributions). The Camp New Iraq Appeal was supported with 3 mio CzK via UNHCR.  
The 2012 humanitarian aid budget was fully disbursed and spent on various kinds and phases 
of humanitarian emergencies. Czech and international NGOs (52.5%), international 
organizations, in particular UN agencies and programmes (43.5%), and Czech Embassies in 
Kabul and Kuala Lumpur took part in the implemention of the assistance financed by the 
Czech Republic in 2012.  
 
The humanitarian aid of the Czech Republic in 2013 – a preliminary outlook 
In 2013, CZK 73 million will be available for humanitarian assistance in the basic budget
3
. 
The Czech Republic will attempt to support both countries with protracted (complex) crises 
and countries affected by ad hoc emergencies. Follow-up aid will be offered to countries 
affected by disasters in 2012, where needed. If the budget allows it, the Czech Republic will 
contribute to the DRR activities. The food assistance needs will be met from the humanitarian 
budget as well. 
The Czech Republic will again support humanitarian projects of Czech and foreign NGOs, 
where appropriate. An adequate share of the humanitarian budget will be disbursed through 
the UN humanitarian agencies, funds and programmes as well as through ICRC/IFRC and 
national RC societies, according to the comparative advantages of the particular implementing 
partners with a view to a maximal impact for the affected populations.  
The Czech registered NGOs are again invited to apply for grants for their humanitarian aid 
projects either in countries affected by protracted emergencies (Afghanistan, 
                                                 
3
 According to the Government decision No. 413 from June 13, 2012 (2013 Development Cooperation Plan and 
Preliminary Financial Outlook until 2015) 
 5 
Burma/Myanmar, DR Congo, Ethiopia and South Sudan)
 4
 or in conflict-affected Syria + 
adjacent region (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey). The respective calls for proposals were 
announced on 14 December 2012; the grants are expected to be disbursed in March 2013. 
During the Quarter II of the year, the continuous humanitarian needs in countries affected by 
emergencies in 2012 will be the top priority (like Sahel or Yemen). This assistance will be 
implemented either via CAP or in cooperation with relevant INGOs. The humanitarian needs 
in Syria and its neighbouring countries will be continuously monitored, with a view to a 
contribution to the respective UN programmes. The reconstrution needs in Haiti and 
Pakistan will be considered, incl. the disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness 
measures. Particular projects in favour of Burmese refugees in Malaysia (Rohingyas) and/or 
the Afghan refugees in Iran (if successfully identified) will be supported as well.  
In July, a mid-term review will update the operational strategy in relation to the global 
humanitarian needs and still available resources. If the situation makes it possible, the Czech 
Republic will support relevant humanitarian projects implemented by UNHCR, UNICEF, 
UNRWA and WFP; a voluntary contribution to CERF and UNOCHA will also be 
considered. The remaining means will be spent on disaster preparedness and resilience 
building.  
In 2013, a first evaluation of bilateral humanitarian projects will take place in 
Burma/Myanmar. In the framework of a comprehensive review of the Czech PRT Logar, 
the humanitarian activities and their possible follow-up will also be evaluated. During the 
continuing co-chairmanship in the GHD initiative, the Czech Republic will focus on the 
sharing of good practicies and lessons learned from the implementation of the LRRD concept, 
in particual on the background of the resilience building in vulnerable countries and regions.  
Preliminary distribution of the Czech humanitarian budget 2013 – a summary: 
Period Amount (CZK) Countries/Activities Implementing Partners 
Q1 – Q4 12 000 000 According to ad hoc needs UN, ICRC/IFRC, IOM, NGOs 
Q1   
16 000 000 
 
 
10 000 000 
Call for Proposals: 
- protracted crises (Afghanistan, 
Myanmar; Ethiopia, DRC, 
South Sudan); 
- emergencies (Syria + region) 
 
Czech registered NGOs 
Q2  15 000 000 Follow-up on 2012 emergencies 
(Haiti, B/M Malaysia, Pakistan, 
Sahel, Syria)   
UN, ICRC, NGOs 
Q3*   5 000 000 Food assistance (Mali, 
Tadjikistan, Yemen, Zimbabwe) 
WFP/UNICEF/NGOs 
Q3 – Q4* 12 000 000 CAP + voluntary contributions CERF, OCHA, UNHCR, UNICEF, 
UNRWA, WFP 
Q4*   3 000 000 DRR and LRRD activities IFRC/NGOs 
Total 73 000 000   
* - Based on the mid-term review of the humanitarian situation and available means. 
                                                 
4
 Afghanistan and Ethiopia are included in accordance with the bilateral development cooperation programmes, 
taking into account the LRRD needs. 


2013 humanitarian aid operational strategy of the Czech Republic

Bajo, Anto

 1          PRESS RELEASE     l     No. 36     l     Institute of Public Finance 
Does the 2012 Budget Proposal Suggest a  
Fiscal Policy Turnaround in Croatia? 
 
ANTO BAJO, PhD., Institute of Public Finance, Zagreb 
 
 
On 13 February, the Government adopted a 2012 Budget Proposal and Projections for 2013 
and 20141. After ten years, Croatia cuts its budget spending in both nominal and real terms, 
reducing it to the level of 2008. This is a radical fiscal policy turnaround, which should have 
taken place earlier. 
 
After the temporary budget financing, which was in effect over the first three months, the 
Government adopted a national budget proposal and projections for 2013 and 2014. As the 2012 
Budget Proposal was prepared, the average government bond yields stood at about 7.3% in January, 
classifying Croatia among higher-risk countries (together with Romania and Cyprus) and bringing it 
closer to highest-yield countries (Ireland, Hungary and Portugal). Average yields of Croatian 10-year 
Eurobonds increased markedly during 2011, to over 7.8%. This suggests that international markets 
have reservations about Croatia, expecting it to undertake concrete political actions towards fiscal 
consolidation. Anticipated further cuts in budget spending should certainly be a proper guarantee 
against an even sharper drop in credit rating that would increase government borrowing costs and 
surely jeopardise the Government's fiscal consolidation plans. 
 
According to the projections, the Government expects GDP to grow by 0.8% in 2012, by 1.5% in 2013 
and by as much as 2.5% in 2014. Such expectations are founded upon fiscal disburdening of the 
economy through contribution decreases and considerable cuts in government expenditures for 
employees and subsidies, but also on public investment growth. 
 
After ten years, Croatia has a lower budget in both nominal and real terms. 
 
Total budget expenditure are lower by HRK 3.5bn (1.5% of GDP) in 2012 relative to that in 2011, and 
amount to HRK 118.8bn. The most severe cuts have been made in operating expenditures (by about 
HRK 3.4bn, the major part of which relates to reduction expenditures for employees (HRK 1.95bn), 
material expenditures (HRK 213m) and subsidies (as much as HRK 933.5m). The sharpest cuts in 
subsidies relate to agriculture and Croatian Railways. Compensation to citizens has also been reduced 
(by HRK 746m). In the following two years, there will be no significant increase in expenditures for 
child benefits, maternity benefits and homeland war veterans' pensions. The only category to grow 
will be financial expenditures, dominated by expenditures for debt interest and principal repayment. 
These expenditures will rise from HRK 7.1bn in 2011 to HRK 7.5bn in 2012, which accounts for about 
2.1% of GDP. Budget expenditures for the acquisition of non-financial assets also go down, but not as 
markedly as do the operating expenditures. In addition to its commitment to implement fiscal 
reforms aimed at reducing public expenditures, the Government is expected to launch further 
operational measures to restrict the rights granted by previous governments.
                                                          1 http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/sjednice_i_odluke_vlade_rh/2012/8_sjednica_vlade_republike_hrvatske 
No. 36 Zagreb February 20, 2012 
 11          PRESS RELEASE     l     No. 36     l     Institute of Public Finance 
Budget revenue goes up due to substantial interventions in the tax system. Operating revenue 
increase by HRK 1.6bn, with the largest increase expected in tax revenues, by about HRK 3.5bn. The 
Government is optimistic about the growth of corporate income tax revenues by about HRK 2bn (up 
35% from the 2011 budget plan), and of tax on goods and services revenues by HRK 1.3bn (up 2.5%) due 
to an increase in the general VAT rate from 23% to 25%. The most severe cuts are planned in health 
insurance contribution revenues, by as much as HRK 1.9bn, as a result of reducing the contribution 
rate from 15% to 13%. However, there are reservations about any significant growth in corporate 
income tax revenues, so that the Government will have to provide a credible explanation for it. 
Revenues pursuant to specific regulations are expected to grow by about HRK 300m, probably due to 
improved collection of concession revenues. 
 
Budget deficit goes down by about HRK 5bn from its 2011 plan and stands at about HRK 9.9bn (2.8% of 
GDP). This is 1.5% of GDP less than the planned 2011 deficit. The budget deficit will be mainly financed 
by bond issues abroad. 
 
As shown by the financing account, total budget receipts amount to HRK 21.2bn, the bulk of which is 
expected to come from the sale of securities, i.e. HRK 12.7bn from bonds (bonds worth HRK 9bn are 
planned to be offered abroad) and HRK 2.1bn from T-bills. In addition, HRK 1.8bn is expected from 
credits received and about HRK 2.2bn from loans granted by international financial institutions 
(mostly World Bank). Another HRK 2bn for budget deficit financing in 2012 is expected from the 
privatisation of Croatia osiguranje insurance company and Croatian Postal Bank (HPB). In the 
following 2 years, privatisation receipts are expected to be about HRK 600m on average. 
 
Total outlays for financial assets and loan repayment are planned at HRK 11.3bn. The largest shares of 
outlays, HRK 5.4bn and HRK 3.9bn, relate to the repayment of principal and interest on credits and 
loans received and for bond repayment respectively. In addition to this, outlays for guarantee reserves 
amount to HRK 1bn and outlays for increasing the share capital of the CBRD are about HRK 600m. 
 
Financial account projections warn that outlays for debt repayment will grow to HRK 15.9bn and HRK 
17.4bn in 2013 and 2014 respectively. This is why the Government should further insist on public 
spending cuts to improve its credibility and obtain more favourable terms of borrowing based on a 
new bond issue worth HRK 17.3bn, mostly on foreign markets (HRK 12.1bn on average). Should 
spending cuts not be continued, the borrowing costs could escalate, which would negatively affect the 
financial stability of the public finance. 
 
It should be noted that the central government budget deficit narrows to 2.8% of GDP in 2012, and to 
2.5% and 1.9% of GDP in 2013 and 2014 respectively. This also includes the extra-budgetary users' and 
local government units' deficits of 0.2% of GDP each. Due to an increase in these entities' deficits, the 
government has raised the limit on local government units' borrowing from 2.3% to 2.5% of their 
operating revenues. The general government deficit stands at 3.3% of GDP, down about 1.6% from the 
2011 plan. The government announces further cuts in general government deficit to 3% and 2.3% of 
GDP in 2013 and 2014 respectively. The general government budget deficit according to the ESA 
methodology (including the calculated liabilities), will be 3.8% of GDP in 2012, and is not expected to 
decline below 3% before 2014.  
 
The Act on the Execution of the 2012 State Budget provides that public debt may never exceed 55% of 
GDP. Compliance with this limit depends heavily on the restructuring of public companies, especially 
those from the shipbuilding sector. However, the feasibility of the Budget Proposal and deficit 
projections, as well as the likelihood of compliance with the public debt limit will be much easier to 
assess after the Government reviews and submits for parliamentary discussion the Reports on the 
Operation of Companies of Special State Interest for 2010 and 2011.  
 


Press release no. 36. Does the 2012 budget proposal suggest a fiscal policy turnaround in Croatia?

Ministry of Administration and Interior, Romania

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRESENTED THE SECOND REPORT ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE SCHENGEN AREA 
BUCHAREST, DECEMBER 6, 2012  At the Justice and Home Affairs Council of 6 December 2012, the European Commission presented the second Report on the functioning of the Schengen Area between 1 May and 31 October 2012. The report reviews the main problems in the Schengen Area, the purpose of the document being to help identify the best solutions to solve those problems. The Commission set a distinct item for the matter of lifting controls on the internal borders with Romania and Bulgaria, where the Conclusions of the JHA Council of June 2011 are mentioned, which acknowledged implementation by the two candidates of the accession criteria stipulated in the Schengen acquis and the Conclusions of the European Council of March 2012, whereby identification and implementation of accompanying measures was requested, such as would contribute to the two states’ successful accession. Inclusion of Romania and Bulgaria in the European Commission’s report on monitoring the Schengen Area is a natural aspect since the two countries are already applying, in part, the Schengen acquis and all assessment missions have been concluded. It is not for the first time that the two countries are included in these reports, Romania and Bulgaria featuring also in the Commission’s first report, released on 16 May 2012, which assessed the state of play in the Schengen Area between 1 November 2011 and 30 April 2012. Moreover, it is normal to see Romania mentioned in the European Commission’s Report because the accompanying measures were taken precisely to the end of building confidence in Romania as a future Schengen state. These measures were rolled out with FRONTEX, the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders, which actually means that Romania acts as a member state of the Schengen Area. The position of the Commission remains constant, that is in favour of Romania’s and Bulgaria’s accession to the Schengen Area as soon as possible. Commissioner C. Malmstrom stated that “there are no new conditions and the Commission reiterates that Romania and Bulgaria fulfil all criteria and wishes to see the two countries join the Schengen Area as soon as possible.” The monitoring the Commission’s report refers to is regarded as being general monitoring of the accession process and not monitoring of the accompanying measures, which Romania has already completed. At the JHA Council meeting today, 6 December 2012, full implementation of the accompanying measures which Romania and Bulgaria assumed on a voluntary basis was officially certified in the minutes of the Council, following the statement by the Cyprus Presidency. It does not introduce any new conditions. 
The issue of approving the decision on Romania’s and Bulgaria’s accession does not appear as such on the agenda of the JHA Council meeting, since the positions of certain member states waiting for release of the CVM report are maintained. As far as obtaining a new perspective on accession to Schengen is concerned, i.e. for March 2013, the best framework is the European Council in December 2012, measures in this respect having already been taken at governmental level, at today’s JHA Council meeting as well. Indeed, confirmation of Romania and Bulgaria having completed the accompanying measures decided upon at the European Council in March should come at the same level, that is, on the occasion of the European Council in December 2012. In the context of the 6 December JHA Council, the issue of Romania’s and Bulgaria’s accession to Schengen has also been addressed at the ministerial meeting of the countries of the Salzburg Forum, which renewed their support for this goal to be attained in the ensuing period. The head of the Romanian delegation reiterated that the Romanians expect a favourable decision on joining Schengen, at the first JHA Council meeting under the Irish Presidency. 


Press release: The European Commission presented the second report on the functioning of the Schengen area

Pellenyi, Gabor

MNB Working Papers 1. The sectoral effects of monetary policy in Hungary: a structural factor analysis