Repository of the Academy's Library
Not a member yet
212609 research outputs found
Sort by
How to sell a poetry book twice? C. Tribrachi Mutinensis Bucolicon ad Johannem Vitéz
No full textGaspare Tribraco (1439 – ca. 1493) is an almost completely neglected poet despite the fact that his Bucolicon was probably the first collection of eclogues ordered in an elaborate composition during the Quattrocento. Moreover, his eclogues have survived in two different arrangements, thus offering an extraordinary possibility to analyse the humanist poet’s methods of poetry book composition. His influence was strong not only among poets who knew Tribraco personally, like Tito Vespasiano Strozzi and Matteo Maria Boiardo. The real importance and impact of his work is reflected by his influence on poets who became part of the Neo-Latin bucolic canon, first of all Baptista Mantuanus. This study is the first attempt to thoroughly analyse the structure of both eclogue collections, as well as Tribraco’s relation to classical and medieval pastoral poetry
A „személyes daimón” elképzelésének alakulása Platóntól Iamblichosig
No full textAz ember életét végigkísérő „személyes daimón” gondolata először Platónnál jelenik meg a görög filozófiai hagyományban. A platóni corpus idevágó szöveghelyeit megvizsgálva azt találjuk, hogy az elképzelés komoly változáson esett át Platón filozófiáján belül, azonban az alapgondolat végig ugyanaz marad: a személyes daimón az ember sorsának a beteljesítője. Platón utódai megpróbálták mesterük olykor ellentmondásosnak tűnő elképzeléseit összeegyeztetni egymással. A tanulmányban sorra veszem azokat a szövegeket, amelyek a személyes daimón kérdésével foglalkoznak. Ezek a művek középplatonikus és újplatonikus szerzőktől maradtak ránk. A szövegek arra mutatnak, hogy a platonizmus egyes korszakaiban a személyes daimón elképzelése bizonyos sajátosságokat hordoz: míg a középső platonizmusban Sókratés daimonionjának az alakjával összeolvadva az erkölcsös életre való buzdításra szolgál, addig az újplatonizmusban a lélek megszabadulásában játszik szerepet.
|
In Greek philosophy, the idea of a “personal daimon” accompanying man throughout his life first appears in Plato’s writings. By examination of the relevant passages of the Platonic corpus we find that this idea has undergone major changes even within Plato’s philosophy. However, the basic motif remained the same: the personal daimon’s role is to lead one to his fate. Plato’s heirs felt the need of harmonizing their master’s different conceptions which at certain points seem to contradict each other. In my study, I shall investigate the works dealing with the idea of personal daimon all of which are from Middle- and Neoplatonic authors. These texts show that each era has its unique concept of personal daimon characteristic to it: in Middle Platonism, the personal daimon is intertwined with the idea of Socrates’ daimonion and it has become some kind of reward for a virtuous life, while in Neoplatonism it helps the soul in its quest for salvation
A sztoikusok és az állatok: Húsevés vagy vegetarianizmus?
No full textA sztoikus filozófusok állatokkal és vegetarianizmussal kapcsolatos nézeteiről eddig nem született tanulmány. Ennek magyarázata az, hogy a sztoikusok az állatoknak önmagukban nem szenteltek nagy figyelmet. A sztoikus filozófia középpontjában az ember és az embernek az istenekhez fűződő viszonya áll. Mindazonáltal az ember maga is a „lelkes élőlények” (ἔμψυχoν) csoportjába tartozik, ugyanonnan indul, ahonnan az állatok, csak éppen az „értelem” (λóγoς) kifejlődésével célja magasabb szintre emelődik: a természet elsődleges kívánalmairól az erényre. Tanulmányomban a sztoikusok állatokkal szembeni hozzáállását vizsgálom meg az ókori források alapján, különös tekintettel a húsevés és a vegetarianizmus problémájára. Az első részben az állati és az emberi lélek ismeretelméleti különbségét tárgyalom, a másodikban az állatok lételméleti helyzetét, a gondviselés kérdését és a teleológiát. Az elemzés során a sztoikus filozófusok bámulatos egységre törekvése mögött felsejlenek azok a belső ellentmondások, amelyektől egyetlen olyan rendszer sem lehet mentes, amely végső és egységes magyarázattal kíván szolgálni a világ jelenségeire.
|
On the views of Stoic philosophers on animals and vegetarianism no specific study has been written so far. The reason for this may be the fact that the Stoics had not paid much attention to animals in themselves. In the centre of Stoic philosophy we find man and his intimate relationship to the gods. However, man himself belongs to the class of beings “endowed with soul” (ἔμψυχoν), like animals, and shares a common starting point with animals, but when “reason” (λóγoς) comes to be developed in his soul, man’s aim is shifted to a higher level: from seeking the fulfilment of the first requirements of nature to virtue. In this study, I wish to have a closer look at the Stoics’ attitude to animals on the basis of ancient Greek and Roman sources, with special regard to eating meat and vegetarianism. In the first part, I shall discuss the epistemological distinction of the Stoics between animal and human soul. In the second part, I shall treat such subjects as the ontological status of animals, providence and teleology. Throughout my analysis, I hope it will become clear that behind the admirable efforts of the Stoics to create a perfect unity in their system, there are grave contradictions which are characteristic of all systems that try to give a single and uniform explanation to the world’s phenomena
Palmyra közvetítő szerepe a keleti kereskedelemben
No full textA sokat emlegetett „levantei kalmárszellem” egyik manifeszt ókori példája Palmyra. A Kr. e. I. században Róma befolyása alá került városállam két évszázad alatt a Közel-Kelet egyik leggazdagabb települése lett, amiről impozáns romjai ma is beszédesen tanúskodnak. Palmyrát Michael Rostovtzeff nyomán máig „karavánvárosként” emlegeti a kutatás. Ez a terminus technicus lényegében helytálló is, de csak abban az értelemben, hogy Palmyra volt a karavánok szervezője és védelmezője, nem pedig kiinduló- és/vagy célpontja. A város gazdasági felemelkedésének az volt a titka, hogy a Seleukida időszaktól kezdve aktívan kivette részét a keleti kereskedelemből, ami ez esetben elsősorban a kínai selyemmel, arábiai illatszerekkel, indiai fűszerekkel, drágakövekkel és gyöngyökkel való kereskedést jelenti. A palmyrai kereskedelmet azonban nem szabad úgy látnunk, mint amelynek egyedüli célja és feladata a keleti árucikkeknek a Mediterráneum felé közvetítése volt. A palmyrai entrepreneurök jelen voltak a Perzsa-öböl, a Parthus Királyság, az arábiai fejedelemségek, a Vörös-tenger menti római kikötők, és a nyugat-indiai királyságok kereskedelmi központjaiban, és alapvetően közvetítő kereskedelmet folytattak a fent nevezett államok között, melyek közül csak az egyik — számunkra nyilván a legérdekesebb — volt a Mediterráneumba vezető kereskedelmi útvonal. A közvetítő kereskedelem hasznával viszont kétségkívül városuk javát szolgálták, amely a III. század közepén — kihasználva a Római Biro dalomban támadt válságidőszakot — váratlanul politikai hatalomra tört. Palmyra gazdasági és katonai ereje azonban nem bizonyult elegendőnek a gyengélkedő Birodalommal szemben. A város Kr. u. 272-es katonai és politikai veresége után nem tudott többé lábra állni, s az anyaállam bukásával Palmyra kereskedői is elveszítették addigi befolyásukat.
|
One of the obvious example of the often mentioned “Levantine spirit of profiteering” is Palmyra. The city-state which gradually went under Roman influence from the 1st century B.C. onwards, became one of the richest metropolis of the ancient Near East during the following two centuries. This is clearly witnessed by the magnificent ruins of Palmyra in the Syrian desert. The town is often coined — after the influential work of Michael Rostovtzeff — as a “caravan city”. Although this debated term is essentially relevant in our opinion, we have to stress that Palmyra was the main organizer and defender of the caravans, not the main target of them. The secret of Palmyra’s arising was the Eastern trade in which she bear the brunt from the Seleucid era onwards. The commerce with the silk of China, spices, gems and pearls of India, incense of Arabia provided a fabulous profit for the Palmyrean entrepreneurs who were present in the small kingdoms of Mesopotamia, the principalities of Arabia, the Roman ports along the Red Sea and the commercial centers of West India (Scythia) as well. Palmyreans played the middlemen’s role in the arborescent Eastern trade, and not only between the East and the Mediterranean — in which we are obviously more interested —, but also among the Eastern kingdoms themselves. A considerable part of the enormous profit of this transmitting commerce flew into Palmyra, which in the third century AD — taking the advantage of the political, social, and economic crisis of the Roman Empire — not surprisingly gained political power over a considerable part of the Eastern Roman Empire including Egypt. The military and economic power of Palmyra, however, was not enough against the indisposed Imperium Romanum. After the defeat in 272 AD Palmyra never get on her feet and in consequence of the fall of the metropolis her traders got lost their influence as well
Отрекаться или зарекаться от сумы да от тюрьмы?
No full textThe present study focuses on a single Russian proverb от сумы да тюрьмы не зарекайся (its equivalent in English: no fence against a flail). Its literal meaning is ‘No one is insured from prison and impoverishment’. This proverb is deeply rooted in the Russian history, and it belongs to the paremiological minimum of Russian language. The use of this proverb has rapidly increased recently. One can easily understand the reason for this fact since one of the richest men in the world, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, was sentenced to a number of years in prison and was released just a few months ago. It is not surprising that approximately half of Russian entrepreneurs have come into collision with justice. The analysis of the history and modern use of the proverb has been done with the help of Russian National Corpus, examples come from 19th- and 20th-century texts. Our analysis has shown that this proverb still preserves a very tight relationship with the history of language and society. The dynamics of the development of its new meaning is very fast. It turns out that in case of synchronic paremiology both the base of linguistic data as well as the theoretical and methodological base of research are changing. Old meanings (paremiological minimum/optimum, norm) and methods of psycholinguistic experiments demand constant correction
Interaction of ectoparasites-small mammals in tropical rainforest of Malaysia
No full textThe literature regarding the diversity of ectoparasites and their interaction with their hosts remains largely inadequate in Malaysian tropical rainforest. We investigate the interaction patterns and specialization of ectoparasites infesting terrestrial small mammals (rodents and scandents) in Peninsular and Malaysian Borneo from samples made in 16 localities between 2008 and 2010. A total of 3,235 individuals of ectoparasites were collected during field surveys, resulting in an interaction network involving 47 ectoparasites that were distributed on 23 species of small mammals. The overall specialization index H2′ of all ectoparasites and host species was 0.67 which was considered moderate. Ticks appeared to be generalist with specialization index (H2′ = 0.35) while lice showed higher specialization (H2′ = 1) in selecting host species. The most diverse parasite assemblage was found on S. muelleri (Hs_w = 1.96). Specialization indices among ectoparasite species (dp) ranged from 0.03 to 1 while the indices among host species (dh) ranged from 0.20 to 1. Incomplete field data may have contributed to the high specialization indices. This study is significant as it can enhance our understanding the emergence and management of potential zoonotic diseases in Malaysia
Disentangling the role of remotely sensed spectral heterogeneity as a proxy for North American plant species richness
No full textDue to the difficulties of field-based species data collection at wide spatial scales, remotely sensed spectral diversity has been advocated as one of the most effective proxies of ecosystem and species diversity. It is widely accepted that the relationship between species and spectral diversity is scale dependent. However, few studies have evaluated the impacts of scale on species diversity estimates from remote sensing data. In this paper we tested the species versus spectral relationship over very large scales (extents) with a varying spatial grain using floristic data of North America. Spectral diversity explained a low amount of variance while spatial extent of the sampling units (floras) explained a high amount of variance based on results from our variance partitioning analyses. This leads to the conclusion that spectral diversity must be carefully related to species diversity, explicitly taking into account potential area effects
Local and intermediated-intensity soil disturbances increase the colonization and expansion dynamics of an invasive plant in Southern Patagonian rangelands
No full textDisturbances are important drivers in natural ecosystems, affecting the vegetation structure and functioning. Invasions of exotic plant species are often associated to disturbances in a complex manner, because they depend on the type, intensity, spatial and temporal arrangement of disturbances, and the particular abiotic and biotic context. Field studies that evaluate the dynamics of plant invasions under different disturbance regimes have a great importance for the understanding of the disturbance effects on invasion spread. In this work we evaluated, through a field manipulative experiment, the early colonization and expansion dynamics of an aggressive invader of grasslands, Hieracium pilosella L., under two disturbance types. We used a split-plot experiment by crossing three levels for a local, sporadic, of increasing intensity disturbance [i.e., 1- undisturbed, 2- vegetation mowing, and 3- ploughing], within two levels for an extensive and chronic disturbance (i.e., grazed and ungrazed). In the range of intensities of disturbance evaluated, the intermediate intensity (i.e., mowing) accelerated the colonization when it is grazed and the expansion of H. pilosella in ungrazed condition. In contrast, lower and higher intensity disturbances, such as ungrazed and ploughing treatments decelerated both invasion processes. Changes in resource availability, interspecific competition and particular characteristics of the invader, i.e., high light requirements, prostrate growth and the presence of stolons, could explain these early invasion patterns