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Affezioni del sistema di drenaggio naso-lacrimale nei piccoli animali: casistica personale
No full textRIASSUNTO Nel periodo compreso fra Gennaio 2003 e Settembre 2006 sono stati valutati, presso il Dipartimento di Clinica Veterinaria dell’Università di Pisa, 39 pazienti a cui sono state diagnosticate varie affezioni delle vie di drenaggio naso-lacrimali; 22 erano cani e 17 gatti, diversi per razza ed età e appartenenti a entrambi i sessi. Tutti i soggetti sono stati sottoposti ad una visita oculistica completa e a una valutazione delle pervietà delle vie di drenaggio nasolacrimali. Esami strumentali quali radiografia, tomografia computerizzata del cranio ed ecografia orbitale sono stati eseguiti in alcuni casi per formulare una corretta diagnosi eziologica. La patologia più frequentemente diagnosticata, sia nel gatto che nel cane, è stata la sindrome delle strie lacrimali (40,9% dei casi nel cane e 35,3% dei casi nel gatto). Nel 22,7% dei cani esaminati è stata diagnosticata dacriocistite, spesso legata a corpi estranei vegetali nel dotto naso-lacrimale; sempre nei cani il 22,8% dei soggetti presentava un’alterazione congenita come l’atresia dei punti lacrimali o il micropunto. Il 29,5% dei gatti esaminati era affetto da patologie acquisite a carico dei punti e/o dei canalicoli lacrimali secondarie a infezioni oculari di tipo erpetico, mentre il 17,6% manifestava i segni di un’alterazione delle vie di drenaggio nasolacrimali correlabili a patologie dentali. Nei restanti casi, sia nel cane che nel gatto, il drenaggio lacrimale veniva compromesso dallo sviluppo di neoplasie che originavano da strutture limitrofe al decorso anatomico del sistema naso-lacrimale. In accordo con i dati riportati in letteratura veterinaria, è stato dimostrato come le affezioni della componente escretoria naso-lacrimale abbiano una bassa prevalenza clinica e talvolta vengano diagnosticate solo secondariamente ad alterazioni oculari o generali di altro tipo. SUMMARY The authors have studied the naso-lacrimal affections in 39 patients (22 dogs and 17 cats) of different sex, age and breed, examined at the the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences of the University of Pisa, in the period January 2003-September 2006. All the patients have had a general physical examination, a standard ophthalmic examination and a determination of naso-lacrimal apparatus functions. Several diagnostic procedures have helped the clinicians to establish an accurate diagnosis of disease: in some cases we have employed radiography, computed tomography of the skull and orbital ecography. The most common pathology both in dogs and cats was tear staining syndrome (40,9% of dogs and 35,3% of cats). Dacryocystitis was often found in dogs (22,7%), many times associated with the presence of foreign bodies (e.g. grass awns) in the naso-lacrimal duct. Five (22,8%) of the examined dogs were affected by congenital diseases such as punctal atresia or micropunctum. Five (29,5%) of the examined cats were affected by punctal or canalicular acquired diseases, secondary to herpetic ocular affections; in three cats (17,6%) was discovered an involvement of naso-lacrimal system due to dental diseases. Secondary affections of lacrimal system due to external neoplasia were evaluated both in dogs and cats, always in aged patients. In accordance with the data of veterinary literature the authors have shown that the naso-lacrimal affections are very infrequent in dogs and cats and they are often due to ocular or systemic primary affections
Distance sampling as an effective method for monitoring feral pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) urban populations
No full textSUMMARY Current methods for estimating feral pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) population size and for monitoring population trends are mainly based on indices, which according to the current literature on wildlife census methods often produce biased results. Distance Sampling techniques have never been used in this context, even though they could theoretically produce absolute abundance estimates at relatively low costs. The aim of this paper was to investigate the performance of Distance Sampling to census feral pigeons, and to compare these results with those obtained by using Quadrate Counts, a widespread method for monitoring these birds. Surveys were performed in Pisa (Italy) in two different periods of the year 2004 (end of January–beginning of February, and November), which correspond to minimum (January–February) and maximum (November) numbers for pigeon populations. We considered 40 line transects each about 250 m long for Distance Sampling, and 40 250×250 m cells for Quadrate Counts. In both cases, sampling units were randomized in a stratified design. In contrast to Quadrate Counts, Distance Sampling detected the predicted increase of abundance from January–February to November with an acceptable precision and no increase of costs per survey. Even though the possible biases (due to the not rigorously random distribution of transects and to the spiked nature of collected distance data) should be further investigated, results suggest that Distance Sampling is a viable and efficient alternative to the traditional methods used to estimate feral pigeons population size and to monitor trends
L’espace politique et l’espace judiciaire dans la Pise communale
No full textRIASSUNTO Breve studio sullo spazio della politica e del diritto a Pisa dall'XI al XIII secolo, tramite l'analisi della produzione storiografica recente. SUMMARY Short essay about the space of politics and law in Pisa from XI to XIII century, made through the analysis of recent historiography
Issues about the Integration of Passive and Active Monitoring for Grid Networks
No full textSUMMARY In this paper we discuss the issues arising with the integration of passive and active monitoring techniques for Grid network infrastructure monitoring. Our proposal is related to the monitoring information production and publication. Initially, we present the context of our work within the Grid world. We enlist the range of different techniques to perform measurements and obtain monitoring data. We propose a number of interesting performance metrics of the quality of the Grid infrastructure connectivity, and the related passive and active monitoring techniques that are required in order to obtain these metrics
Architecture of a Network Monitoring Element
No full textSUMMARY A Network Monitoring system is a vital component of a Grid; however, its scalability is a challenge. We propose a network monitoring approach that combines passive monitoring, a domain oriented overlay network, and an attitude for demand driven monitoring sessions. In order to keep into account the demand for extreme scalability, we introduce a solution for two problems that are inherent to the proposed approach: security and group membership maintenance
Efficient Subtyping for Unordered XML Types
No full textWhile XML is an ordered data format, many applications outside the document processing area just drop ordering and manipulate XML data as they were unordered. In these contexts, hence, XML is essentially used as a way for representing unordered, unranked trees. The wide use of unordered XML data should be coupled with a careful and detailed analysis of their theoretical properties.
One of the operations that is mostly affected by the presence of a global ordering relation is semantic subtype-checking, i.e., language inclusion.
In an unordered context, inclusion has been proved to be inherently more complex than in the ordered case: in particular, subtype-checking for ordered single-type EDTDs is in PSPACE, while the same operation for single-type EDTDs with unordered types is in EXPSPACE (the same complexity result holds for unordered DTDs). Comparing two unordered XML types for inclusion, hence, is very expensive; as a consequence, it becomes very important to identify restrictions defining type classes for which inclusion is tractable or, at least, less complex.
This paper identifies two large subclasses of unordered XML types for which inclusion can be computed by an EXPTIME and a PTIME algorithm, respectively. These classes are defined by restrictions on the use of element, repetition, and union types, and comprise many DTDs and XML Schemas used in practice
Management in distributed systems: a semi-formal approach
No full textFormal tools can be used in a ''semi-formal'' way to support distributed program analysis and tuning. We show how ORC has been used to reverse engineer a skeleton based programming environment and to remove one of the skeleton system's recognized weak points. The semi-formal approach adopted allowed these steps to be performed in a programmer-friendly way
A Semantic Framework for Open Processes
No full textWe propose a general methodology for analysing the behaviour of open
systems modelled as "coordinators" , i.e., open terms of suitable
process calculi. A coordinator is understood as a process with holes
or place-holders where other coordinators and components (i.e.,
closed terms) can be plugged in, thus influencing its behaviour.
The operational semantics of coordinators is given by means of a
symbolic transition system, where states are coordinators and
transitions are labelled by spatial/modal formulae expressing the
potential interaction that plugged components may enable.
Behavioural equivalences for coordinators, like strong and weak
bisimilarities, can be straightforwardly defined over such a
transition system.
Differently from other approaches based on universal closures, i.e.,
where two coordinators are considered equivalent when all their
closed instances are equivalent, our semantics preserves the
openness of the system during its evolution, thus allowing dynamic
instantiation to be accounted for in the semantics.
To further support the adequacy of the construction, we show that
our symbolic equivalences provide correct approximations of their
universally closed counterparts, coinciding with them over closed
components.
For process calculi in suitable formats, we show how tractable
symbolic semantics can be defined constructively using unification
Fratture pelviche nel cane e nel gatto: classificazione ed esame di 591 casi
No full textRIASSUNTO In questo lavoro è presentato un sistema di classificazione delle fratture pelviche nei piccoli animali, con esame e discussione di 591 casi raccolti presso il Dipartimento di Clinica Veterinaria dell’Università di Pisa dall’anno 1996 all’anno 2006. Il sistema adottato si basa su una modificazione del sistema di classificazione AO/ASIF, utilizzato in medicina umana e in medicina veterinaria dei piccoli animali per la classificazione delle fratture delle ossa lunghe, e già utilizzato e modificato in studi precedenti. Anche nel nostro caso è stato utilizzato un sistema di classificazione basato su codici composti da numeri e lettere che indicano il sito anatomico, la localizzazione, l’implicazione o meno degli elementi di carico e la gravità della frattura pelvica. I casi sono stati valutati in base ad esami radiologici eseguiti nelle due proiezioni standard, LL e VD, prendendo in considerazione solo i radiogrammi di buona e ottima qualità. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di elaborare un metodo di classificazione che ci ha permesso di poter osservare 221 tipi di fratture pelviche diverse, in parte prese in considerazione singolarmente ed in parte associate fra di loro, applicando 113 combinazioni diverse di siti di frattura. Le fratture pelviche riscontrate più frequentemente sono risultate essere quelle a livello del corpo dell’ileo con 157 casi su 591 (26,56%), considerando sia le fratture del corpo dell’ileo semplici che quelle associate a fratture in siti diversi o a lussazione sacro-iliaca, seguite da quelle acetabolari con 135 casi su 591 (22,84%). La combinazione di fratture che è stata osservata più comunemente è quella della frattura del corpo dell’ileo accompagnata dalla frattura della tavola dell’ischio e dell’osso del pube con 40 casi su 69 (57,97%), che presentavano fratture pelviche in siti diversi combinate fra loro. SUMMARY In this article a classification system for pelvic fractures of small animals is presented, based on the analysis of 591 cases observed at the Department of Veterinary Clinic, University of Pisa, from 1996 to 2006. System adopted is a modification of AO/ASIF system, used in human and veterinary medicine to classify long bones fractures, and adopted in other studies successive to our study. The adopted method is based on alphanumeric codes indicating anatomic region, site, involvement of weight-bearing elements and severity of fracture. Cases have been evaluated by standard two-projection radiological examinations LL e VD, including only good and excellent quality radiograms. This detailed classification system enabled us to observe 221 kinds of different pelvic fractures, some observed separately, others in combination, applying 113 associations of different fracture sites. Ilial body simple or together with fractures in different sites or with sacroiliac luxation and, in the second place, acetabulum showed the highest prevalence, respectively 157 cases on 591 (26,56%), and 135 cases on 591(22,84%). The most frequent fractures combination was ilium body together with ischium body and pubic bone con 40 cases on 69 (57,97%)
Choledocholithiasis in a dog coledocolitiasi in un cane
No full textSUMMARY A 14-year-old, intact male Siberian Husky was examined because of recurrence of inappetence, weakness and vomiting. Results of a CBC showed mild normocytic normocromic anaemia, hypereosinophilia with activated monocytes. Increase of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, cholesterol and bilirubin supported a diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Abdominal ultrasound evaluation showed an incomplete extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction (EHBO), with suspected cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Any evidence of radiopaque stone was showed at abdominal radiography. A cause to the incomplete response to medical treatment with amoxicilline and clavulanic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, vitamin E and silymarin, biliary surgery was performed, showing a hugely dilated biliary tree and several stones in the common bile duct. The choleliths were removed, using a combined approach through common bile duct, gallbladder and duodenum. During surgery a biopsy sample was collected, and histologically a diagnosis of chronic cholangitis with diffuse cholestasis and periportal fibrosis was formulated. The bacterbilia was not demonstrate to cultural and cytologic exam. Any complication was revealed in postoperative time; the clinical condition, CBC and serum biochemical profile were normal during the 8- month follow-up period. Stones usually form in the gallbladder, but sometimes they can form directly in the common bile duct or move here from the biliary tree. Multiple small stones, causing incomplete obstruction, with a major one of 1,5x7mm, were removed from the final tract of the common bile duct in this dog. RIASSUNTO Un Siberian Husky, maschio intero di 14 anni, è stato portato alla nostra attenzione per episodi ricorrenti di disappetenza, abbattimento e vomito. L’emogramma rivelava la presenza di una lieve anemia normocitica normocromica, accompagnata da eosinofilia e monociti attivati. L’incremento di ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, colesterolo e bilirubina, evidenziabili nel profilo biochimico, supportavano l’ipotesi diagnostica di una patologia epatobiliare. L’ecografia addominale confermava la presenza di un’ostruzione incompleta delle vie biliari extraepatiche, con sospette colelitiasi e colecistite. Il radiogramma addominale non evidenziava radiopacità sospette nell’area epatica. In seguito alla parziale risposta al trattamento medico a base di amoxicillina e acido clavulanico, acido ursodeossicolico, vitamina E e silimarina, il paziente veniva sottoposto a terapia chirurgica. La laparotomia permetteva di confermare la dilatazione delle vie biliari e metteva in evidenza la presenza di diversi coleliti nel coledoco. I coleliti venivano rimossi con un approccio combinato attraverso il coledoco, la colecisti ed il duodeno. In sede chirurgica venivano eseguiti campionamenti bioptici del fegato e della colecisti; l’esame istologico formulava diagnosi di colangite cronica con colestasi diffusa e fibrosi periportale. La bile risultava negativa per batteri sia all’esame citologico che colturale. Nel periodo postoperatorio non sono comparse complicazioni e durante il follow up di 8 mesi si è assistito ad una normalizzazione stabile dell’emogramma e del profilo biochimico. I coleliti solitamente si formano nella colecisti, ma in alcuni casi si possono formare nel coledoco o arrivare in questa sede dalle vie biliari superiori. In questo cane, nel tratto finale del coledoco, sono stati rimossi alcuni piccoli coleliti ed un calcolo di 1,5x7 mm che causavano una incompleta ostruzione delle vie biliari