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Quinoacridane[4]arenes─Very Large Conformationally Restricted Macrocycles
No full textPhenol-based macrocycles play a fundamental role in supramolecular chemistry, but their size has been rather limited. Here we report a novel class of very large, bowl-shaped macrocycles with a diameter of 21.8 Å. These quinoacridane[4]arenes are 150% larger than the current record holders, the acridane[4]arenes, and three times the size of resorcin[4]arene. We expect the quinoacridane[4]arenes to be a useful platform for the construction of molecular containers
Vergleich der BIA und DEXA-Messmethode zur Bestimmung der Körperzusammensetzung bei übergewichtigen erwachsenen Personen - Die SphingoFIT Studie
No full textHintergrund: In der klinischen Praxis ist die Messung der Körperzusammensetzung bei der Prävention und Behandlung von Adipositas von zentraler Bedeutung. Obwohl die bioelektrische Impedanzanalyse (BIA) eine weit verbreitete Methode zur Messung der Körperzusammensetzung ist, bleibt ihre Genauigkeit unklar. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit die Körperzusammensetzung mittels BIA und der Referenzmethode dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) gemessen und verglichen.
Methoden: Insgesamt 39 inaktive, übergewichtige Männer und Frauen im Alter zwischen 40 und 60 Jahren wurden rekrutiert. Die Teilnehmer wurden randomisiert der Kontroll- oder Interventionsgruppe zugeteilt. Die Interventionsgruppe führte ein 8-wöchiges, hochintensives Intervalltraining (HIIT) durch. Vor und nach der Intervention wurde die Körperzusammensetzung mittels BIA (InBody 720) und DEXA (Lunar iDXA) gemessen. Die beiden Messmethoden wurden mittels Pearson-Korrelation, Bland-Altman Analyse und gepaartem T-Test verglichen. Die Veränderungen nach diesen acht Wochen wurden mittels ANCOVA untersucht.
Ergebnisse: Die BIA unterschätzte gegenüber DEXA den Körperfettanteil (KFA) um -4.73% (p < .001, r = 0.97) und das Viszeralfett um -32.2cm2 (p < .01, r = 0.5). Zudem überschätzte die BIA die fettfreie Masse (FFM) um +3.5kg (p < .001, r = 0.98) sowie den Knochenmineralgehalt (BMC) um +399.4g (p < .001, r = 0.89). Nach der Intervention konnte nur DEXA signifikante Veränderungen bei der Interventionsgruppe nachweisen (KFA -1.6%, p = .015; Viszeralfett -32.1cm2, p = .036). Die BIA konnte trotz vergleichbaren Veränderungen keine signifikanten Unterschiede nachweisen.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die BIA weist bei übergewichtigen Erwachsenen deutliche Abweichungen gegenüber DEXA auf. Trotzdem eignet sich die BIA als preiswerte Alternative zu DEXA, um Veränderungen der Körperzusammensetzung nachzuweisen
Development of a Measuring Protocol for Inspiratory Muscle Endurance and Pilot Feasibility Study on Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients Performing Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
No full textBackground: Breathlessness and exercise limitation are cardinal manifestations of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), associated with reductions in quality of life (QoL) and functional capacity. Exercise and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improve functional capacity in CVD. IM capacity is commonly assessed by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). We developed and examined a ramp protocol to measure IM endurance with and without IMT.
Methods: Nineteen subjects were included and allocated to four different groups. Five participants performed adjunct IMT to the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programme (IMT+EX), four participants performed CR without adjunct IMT (EX only). Five participants performed isolated IMT (IMT only) and five participants were controls. IMT consisted of 2x30 breaths daily at approximately 40% of MIP for 6-12 weeks. MIP, peak pressure and mean and peak power of the ramp protocol were evaluated.
Results: Between group comparisons showed largest improvements for MIP (p = 0.012 compared to control), endurance peak pressure (p = <0.001), endurance mean power (p = <0.001), and endurance peak power (p = <0.001) in the IMT+EX group. Smaller improvements were found for endurance peak load in the IMT only group (p = 0.050 compared to control) and endurance peak power in the EX only group (p = 0.049).
Conclusions: Home-based IMT as adjunct to CR resulted in largest improvements in IM function. Improvement in mean power of an incremental endurance testing protocol were much larger than in MIP after IMT and are likely to better represent improved respiratory function during exercise and activities of daily living
Association between improvements in physical fitness and improvements in mental health: Effects of an exercise and sport intervention among refugees living in a Greek refugee camp on mental health and physical fitness: SALEEM – A pragmatic randomized controlled trial
No full textBackground:
Refugees are at an increased risk for mental disorders. While the positive effects of exercise on the mental health of refugees have been shown several times, the influence of physical fitness is less well researched. The objective of this study is to investigate whether improvements in physical fitness are associated with improvements in mental health among refugees living in a refugee camp.
Methods:
This study is designed as a pragmatic randomized controlled trial with an intervention group (n = 34) and a wait-list control group (n = 33) and was conducted in a Greek refugee camp. The intervention group participated in a 10-week exercise and sport intervention. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the (submaximal) Åstrand-Rhyming Indirect Test of Maximal Oxygen Uptake. Self-report instruments were used to collect data on mental health. The intervention effects were tested using repeated measures ANCOVAs and for the associations multiple linear regression analyses were performed.
Results:
The results show that the intervention group improved significantly in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness compared to the wait-list control group (p = 0.017). However, apart from VO2max, only the intervention effect for pain was significant (p = 0.031). Furthermore, this study provides no evidence that improvements in physical fitness are associated with improvements in mental health.
Conclusions:
Although few positive effects of the exercise and sport intervention and the improved physical fitness were found, other potential benefits for the health and well-being of the refugees should not be ruled out. More studies are needed to investigate how exercise programs in refugee camps can most effectively contribute to the prevention and treatment of mental disorders
Einfluss der zeitlichen Nahrungsaufnahme auf die Körperzusammensetzung
No full textHintergrund: Immer mehr Daten deuten darauf hin, dass die Aufnahme eines grösseren Anteils der Gesamtenergiezufuhr zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt des Tages unter isokalorischen Bedingungen vorteilhafter für die Gewichtsabnahme sein könnte (Ruddick‐Collins et al., 2018). Nach heutigem Wissensstand scheint die ‹Chrononutrition›, die sich auf den zeitlichen Aspekt der Ernährung konzentriert, ein sinnvoller Ansatz zur Gewichtsregulierung zu sein (Jakubowicz et al., 2013). Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Masterarbeit soll daher untersucht werden, ob der zeitliche Aspekt der Nahrungsaufnahme einen Einfluss auf den Körperfettanteil hat. Zusätzlich wird analysiert, ob unterschiedliche Trainingszeiten die zeitliche Nahrungsaufnahme beeinflussen können.
Methode: Die ProbandInnen (n = 40) wurden nach ihrer zeitlichen Nahrungsaufnahme in ‹Früh-› und ‹Spätesser› sowie in Interventions- und Kontrollgruppen eingeteilt. Die Interventionsgruppen absolvierten ein 12-wöchiges Kraft- und Ausdauertraining zu einer von vier Tageszeiten (8:00, 12:00, 16:00 oder 20:00 Uhr). Während der Baseline und in der dritten Woche der Intervention wurde das Ernährungsverhalten der ProbandInnen dokumentiert.
Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich, dass es keinen Unterschied zwischen den Früh- und den Spätessern hinsichtlich der Abnahme des Körperfettanteils (p = 0.900) in einem Zeitraum von 12 Wochen gab. Zudem wurde deutlich, dass unterschiedliche Trainingszeiten keinen Einfluss auf die zeitliche Nahrungsaufnahme (p = 0.148) hatten.
Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt besteht kaum Evidenz, dass die zeitliche Nahrungsaufnahme einen Einfluss auf den Körperfettanteil hat. Ebenso existiert wenig Evidenz dafür, dass unterschiedliche Trainingszeiten einen Einfluss auf die zeitliche Nahrungsaufnahme haben. In beiden Bereichen ist jedoch weitere Forschung erforderlich, um diese Ergebnisse zu bestätigen und die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen besser zu verstehen
A Return to Play Case Study, Observing an Elite Youth Football Player During the Sport Specific Field Phase of Rehabilitation Following ACL Reconstruction, Using Foot- Mounted Inertial Measurement Units to Quantify Gait Mechanics and Technical Actions.
No full textBackground: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries require long recovery periods and can severely impact a player's career. Effective rehabilitation protocols and monitoring devices are crucial for players to return to pre-injury performance levels. This master's thesis uses the PlayerMaker system and its foot-mounted inertial measurement units (IMU) to investigate the recovery process of an elite youth football player following ACL reconstruction, capturing detailed physical, biomechanical and technical data during sport-specific on-field phases.
Methods: A longitudinal observational methodology documented the return to play (RTP) process, using the PlayerMaker system to collect comprehensive data on physical performance, technical abilities and gait mechanics at different stages of rehabilitation. Performance measures were compared with two healthy reference players using statistical analysis.
Results: Over 55 supervised training sessions, the case player showed higher physical and technical performance in rehabilitation than in team training. Gait mechanics also improved significantly. Compared to reference players, there were no significant differences in team training performance measures (p > .05), although the case player occasionally outperformed his peers (p < .05). Significant improvements in explosive power and speed were documented post-injury.
Conclusions: The thesis confirms the effectiveness of using the PlayerMaker system within an RTP protocol to facilitate successful ACL rehabilitation. It highlights substantial improvements in physical and technical performance, resulting in the player not only matching, but exceeding the performance of healthy peers, thus ensuring a robust return to competitive play. This approach demonstrates how modern monitoring technology can profoundly benefit the rehabilitation of athletes in sports medicine
The Impact of Citizens United: How the Removal of Independent Expenditure Bans Shaped U.S. Gubernatorial Elections
Get PDFThis paper examines the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2010 Citizens United decision, which lifted bans on independent expenditures by corporations and unions. Using a difference-in-differences design, the study compares states with and without pre-existing bans, focusing on gubernatorial elections. The results show an 11 percentage point increase in the share of Republican TV ad airings following the removal of independent expenditure bans. This increase is especially pronounced (16 percentage points) in states where only corporate bans were lifted, with total TV ad airtime rising by over 29 hours on average. Negative campaigning also intensified, with a 5.5 percentage point rise in the share of attack ads. Survey and election data show a significant demobilization effect, particularly in states where only corporate bans were removed (3.5-5 percentage point decrease in county-level turnout). Finally, Republican gubernatorial candidates experienced a 7-11 percentage point boost in vote shares following the removal of independent spending bans
Intermolecular interactions of macrocyclic, supramolecular, and mechanically interlocked structures accessible via 1,3-butadiyne synthesis.
No full textThis PhD thesis is the result of several scientific projects, in which macrocyclic and mechanically interlocked structures have been designed and synthesized in order to study strong and weak intermolecular interactions. While their investigation relied on different experimental techniques, the use of acetylene couplings played a crucial role for the successful synthesis of these challenging targets and draws a common theme throughout the chapters of this thesis
Taxes and authority in the late antique countryside: the reach of the state and the pagarchs of Byzantine Egypt
Get PDFThis is the unrevised version of the 2019 doctoral dissertation. Please consult and cite the revised version, published open access with De Gruyter (Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete – Beihefte, vol. 55):
https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9783111435923/html
This doctoral dissertation looks at how the Late Roman Empire (284–641 CE) gained access to, and exercised (fiscal) authority in, its periphery, and notably in the countryside where the majority of provincials dwelled. To this end, it analyzes the mainly papyrological evidence about crucial fiscal institutions and their protagonists in and around the cities of the Egyptian provinces from the fourth through the seventh century in order to lay out these protagonists' dealings, backgrounds, and networks across different social and administrative strata from the imperial sphere down to the village level
