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Polar and neutral lipid composition and fatty acids profile in selected fish meals depending on raw material and grade of products
Get PDFFish and fish products are widely distributed feed in aquaculture and agriculture. However, still little is known on the lipid composition of them, potential differences in the lipid profiles of various meals depending on fish composition of meal and process technology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of polar and neutral lipids in selected meals. The thirteen fish meals were analyzed using two mass spectrometry technique coupled with gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. The highest lipid content was detected in mixed meal prepared from many species e multi fish meal e (mackerel, trout, sprat, herring, perch, silver carp etc.). In our article for the first time such precise fatty acid profile including atypical acids, e.g. branched fatty acid, was described in fish meals. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) dominated in Norsea Mink (Nsm), Mauretania Grade (MG), Human Grade Batch (HGB) and Low Temperature (LT) products, what was associated with the processing technique and whole fish was used for meal production. These products were also abundant in phospholipids. Meals did not subjected to extrusion process and without addition of antioxidant were characterized by low levels of n-3 PUFA and small diversity of polar and neutral lipids
Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines (microreview)
Get PDFModern methods of synthesis of oxazolo[5,4-d]-pyrimidines published over the past 10 years are reviewed in the present communication. The two main approaches include the synthesis via cyclization of pyrimidine derivatives resulted in the fused oxazole ring or by condensation of oxazole derivatives leading to fused pyrimidine rings
Indirect DNA Sequence Readout by LAGLIDADG Homing Endonucleases.
Get PDFIn this issue of Structure, Lambert et al. (2016) describe extensive structural and functional work on meganucleases, the group of homing endonucleases most commonly adapted to genome engineering applications. The data are of interest to structural biologists, evolutionary biologists, protein designers, and genome engineers
EIN3 interferes with the sulfur deficiency signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana through direct interaction with the SLIM1 transcription factor
Get PDFtSulfur deficiency in plants leads to metabolic reprogramming through changes of gene expression. SLIM1is so far the only characterized transcription factor associated strictly with sulfur deficiency stress inArabidopsis thaliana. It belongs to the same protein family as EIN3, a major positive switch of ethylenesignaling pathway. It binds to the specific cis sequence called UPE-box. Here we show that SLIM1 interactswith UPE-box as a homodimer. Interestingly, the same region of the protein is used for heterodimerizationwith EIN3; however, the heterodimer is not able to recognize UPE-box. Expression of several SLIM1-dependent genes is enhanced in sulfur deficiency grown Arabidopsis ein3-1 seedlings (with mutatedEIN3 protein). This implies a possible regulatory mechanism of ethylene in sulfur metabolism throughdirect EIN3-SLIM1 interaction
The Role of the Exo-Xis Region in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Induction of Shiga Toxin-Converting Prophages
Get PDFPrevious studies indicated that these genetic elements could be involved in the regulation of lysogenization and prophage induction processes. The effects were dramatic in Shiga toxin-converting phage Φ24B after treatment with oxidative stress-inducing agent, hydrogen peroxide, while they were less pronounced in bacteriophag
The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species.
Get PDFThe genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway
Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis Is Controlled by Alternative Polyadenylation of DOG1
Get PDFDOG1 is a key regulator of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis and other plants. Interestingly, the C-terminus of DOG1 is either absent or not conserved in many plant species. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, DOG1 transcript is subject to alternative polyadenylation. In line with this, mutants in RNA 3’ processing complex display weakened seed dormancy in parallel with defects in DOG1 proximal polyadenylation site selection, suggesting that the short DOG1 transcript, is functional. This is corroborated by the finding that the proximally polyadenylated short DOG1 mRNA is translated in vivo and complements the dog1 mutation. In summary, our findings indicate that the short DOG1 protein isoform produced from the proximally polyadenylated DOG1 mRNA is a key player in the establishment of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis and characterize a set of mutants in RNA 3’ processing complex required for production of proximally polyadenylated functional DOG1 transcript
A variant of Runx2 that differs from the bone isoform in its splicing is expressed in spermatogenic cells
Get PDFBackground. Members of the Runx gene family encode transcription factors that bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Among the three Runx proteins, Runx2 comprises 607 amino acid (aa) residues, is expressed in bone, and plays crucial roles in osteoblast differentiation and bone development. We examined whether the Runx2 gene is also expressed in testes.
Methods. Murine testes from 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 10-week-old male mice of the C57BL/6J strain and W∕Wv strain were used throughout the study. Northern Blot Analyses were performed using extracts form the murine testes. Sequencing of cDNA clones and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends were performed to determine the full length of the transcripts, which revealed that the testicular Runx2 comprises 106 aa residues coding novel protein. Generating an antiserum using the amino-terminal 15 aa of Runx2 (Met1 to Gly15) as an antigen, immunoblot analyses were performed to detect the predicted polypeptide of 106 aa residues with the initiating Met1. With the affinity-purified anti-Runx2 antibody, immunohistochemical analyses were performed to elucidate the localization of the protein. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses were performed to predict the function of the protein.
Results. A Runx2 transcript was detected in testes and was specifically expressed in germ cells. Determination of the transcript structure indicated that the testicular Runx2 is a splice isoform. The predicted testicular Runx2 polypeptide is composed of only 106 aa residues, lacks a Runt domain, and appears to be a basic protein with a predominantly alpha-helical conformation. Immunoblot analyses with an anti-Runx2 antibody revealed that Met1 in the deduced open reading frame of Runx2 is used as the initiation codon to express an 11 kDa protein. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the Runx2 polypeptide was located in the nuclei, and was detected in spermatocytes at the stages of late pachytene, diplotene and second meiotic cells as well as in round spermatids. Bioinformatic analyses suggested that the testicular Runx2 is a histone-like protein.
Discussion. A variant of Runx2 that differs from the bone isoform in its splicing is expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids in testes, and encodes a histone-like, nuclear protein of 106 aa residues. Considering its nuclear localization and differentiation stage-dependent expression, Runx2 may function as a chromatin-remodeling factor during spermatogenesis. We thus conclude that a single Runx2 gene can encode two different types of nuclear proteins, a previously defined transcription factor in bone and cartilage and a short testicular variant that lacks a Runt domain
Cell cycle is disturbed in mucopolysaccharidosis type II fibroblasts, and can be improved by genistein
Get PDFMucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by mutations resulting in deficiency of
one of enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These compounds accumulate in cells causing their dysfunctions. Genistein is a molecule previously found to both modify GAG metabolism and modulate
cell cycle. Therefore, we investigated whether the cell cycle is affected in MPS cells and if genistein can influence this process. Fibroblasts derived from patients suffering from MPS types I, II, IIIA and IIIB, as well as
normal human fibroblasts (the HDFa cell line) were investigated. MTT assay was used for determination of cell
proliferation, and the cell cycle was analyzed by using the MUSE® Cell Analyzer. While effects of genistein on cell proliferation were similar in both normal and MPS fibroblasts, fractions of cells in the G0/G1 phase were higher, and number of cells entering the S and G2/Mphaseswas considerably lower in MPS II fibroblasts relative to control cells. Somewhat similar tendency, though significantly less pronounced, could be noted in MPS I, but only at longer times of incubation. However, thiswas not observed inMPS IIIA andMPS IIIB fibroblasts. Genistein(5, 7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) was found to be able to partially correct the disturbances in the MPS II cell cycle, and to some extent in MPS I, at higher concentrations of this compound. The tendency to increase the fractions of cells entering the S and G2/M phases was also observed in MPS IIIA and IIIB fibroblasts treated with genistein. In conclusion, this is the first report indicating that the cell cycle can be impaired in MPS cells. The finding that genistein can improve the MPS II (and to some extent also MPS I) cell cycle provides an input to our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of action of this compound
