42337 research outputs found
Sort by
Resonance analysis for dispersive equations: numerical schemes and normal forms
Get PDFResonance-based schemes make use of convenient cancellations in the resonances of Hamiltonian systems to reduce the regularity required of the initial data to ensure convergence of the scheme in the relevant space. In this thesis, I explore the application of such schemes to dispersive equations driven by spatially smooth but white-in-time noise. There are two main differences from the deterministic setting. Firstly, one cannot perform resonance analysis at orders greater than \mcO(t^2) because the random variables involved do not have an explicit closed-form interpretation. Secondly, the convergence analysis is more technically challenging due to the cumulative effects of noise over long time periods. The former is specific to resonance schemes, and the latter is ubiquitous in the numerical analysis of stochastic differential equations (SDE). In the second part of my thesis, I extend the results to structure-preserving integrators. These schemes are designed to preserve specific physically relevant quantities, such as mass and energy. Structure preservation is possible in the stochastic setting for the mass and the energy, as long as the energy is averaged in space. Such schemes are applicable in long-term numerical studies due to their conservation properties, but in the stochastic setting, they are almost surely unstable. Progress can be made in this area, but proving convergence for these schemes is generally much more challenging than for their deterministic counterparts. In the final part of the thesis, we focus our attention on the Birkhoff normal-form reduction. This technique is classical in studying long-term dynamics of Hamiltonian systems. We derive an explicit formula for the general Birkhoff normal forms of Hamiltonian PDEs
Using and improving neurosymbolic AI for biomedical applications
Get PDFNeurosymbolic artificial intelligence (AI) involves hybrid methods between deep learning approaches and symbolic ones, such as logic programs. Although most previous research in this area has focused upon the development of neurosymbolic architectures and systems, some defining features of neurosymbolic AI are complementary to the constraints and characteristics of ongoing challenges in biomedicine. Thus, neurosymbolic AI holds potential for addressing such applied challenges. Specifically, in many neurosymbolic approaches, the inherent interpretability that is characteristic of symbolic methods is not only preserved, but it also provides interpretability into the deep learning components which do not typically possess this trait. Interpretability is important for communicating model outcomes to healthcare providers and biomedical researchers. Doing so helps to ensure that real-world decisions based upon such outcomes are ethical, fair, and productive. Additionally, logic programming has shown potential for representing rules or knowledge about some domain. Thus, when a neurosymbolic approach involves logical rules, it may constrain or guide some deep learning component to comply with such rules. This is particularly relevant and applicable for biomedical data science, for which there are ample sources of structured domain knowledge, ranging from ontologies to rule-based clinical systems.
This thesis explores the usage of methods in neurosymbolic AI by applying and altering them for applications in biomedical domains. This PhD project had three major research outputs. Firstly, Neurosymodal Data Fusion, a neurosymbolic pipeline for the classification of Alzheimer’s Disease state, is developed. This pipeline combines a biomarker-based rule system with data-driven approaches to classify the disease state and progression risk of participants within a clinical cohort study. Secondly, to assess the capabilities of neurosymbolic methods on larger datasets and more complex prediction tasks, like drug discovery, the use of neurosymbolic approaches on biomedical knowledge graphs (KGs) was surveyed. Finally, the mechanism-of-action retrieval system (MARS) was developed and tested. MARS, a KG-based, neurosymbolic approach, was used to predict the cellular effects induced by drug compounds as well as the molecular interactions which led to such effects. Through these studies, this thesis provides comprehensive analyses and discussion toward the capabilities, limitations, and potential of neurosymbolic approaches for biomedical data science
Building the Resilience and Prosperity of Pastoralists and Dryland Communities: Summary report of the research and policy dialogue, Nairobi, Kenya, 1–2 October 2025
Get PDFInvolving development partners and investors, governments, civil society actors, pastoral associations, policy and research organizations, this two-day dialogue on ‘Building the Resilience and Prosperity of Pastoralists and Dryland Communities’ was convened by three research for policy and practice institutions: the IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD), the Jameel Observatory for Food Security Early Action, and the Supporting Pastoralism and Agriculture in Recurrent and Protracted Crises (SPARC) programme. The conference offered a mix of sessions with presentations, plenary and panel discussions, space for audience interaction and showcased case studies, findings and good practices. Together, the sessions were designed to highlight: 1) pathways to prosperity and resilience for drylands and pastoralists; 2) advancing dryland’s futures through innovation and technology; and 3) investing in and delivering for dryland people
Miniaturised folded-short patch antenna designs for compact platforms: CubeSats and UAVs
No full textThe increasing demand for compact platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and
small satellites, particularly CubeSats, has necessitated the need for innovative compact antenna
solutions offering high performance at a low cost. Therefore, the increasing demand for
compact, lightweight, and high-performance antennas has driven significant research in miniaturised
designs suitable for modern communication systems. However, implementing antennas
for compact platforms has many challenges, mainly relating to size, weight, and power limitations,
making it a crucial yet intricate aspect of these compact platforms. Researchers have investigated
novel methods to enhance compact antennas, addressing size and weight challenges
through techniques such as folding, shorting, and miniaturisation to decrease both dimensions
and mass. Furthermore, employing additive manufacturing techniques like 3-D printing can
enhance manufacturing efficacy. Moreover, these techniques help to facilitate the low-cost
realisation of such non-deployable and compact antennas, which might be favourable when
compared to more conventional manufacturing solutions and deployable antenna designs.
It is also important that these compact platforms employ circularly polarised (CP) antennas and
beam steering arrays. Having CP capability is crucial for supporting reliable as well as resilient
communication links and connectivity in dynamic and multipath environments. CP also reduces
polarisation mismatch losses, improving signal reception when sending and receiving antennas
are not perfectly aligned and can mitigate depolarisation effects when signals are propagating
through the Earth’s atmosphere. This capability is especially beneficial for compact platforms,
where platform rotation or misalignment frequently occurs. Therefore, broad angle radiation
and link coverage (enabled by wide angle half-power beamwidths) guarantee more robust signal
connectivity, and this enhances link reliability. Furthermore, beam-steering functionality
is essential for dynamic and adaptive communication systems, as it allows the antenna phased
array to redirect its primary radiation beam towards the intended target without the need for
physical movement of the platform. This increases tracking precision, signal strength, and angular
coverage for UAVs and small satellites. Integrating beam-steering into compact antennas
also facilitates real-time modifications to sustain optimal communications with ground stations
or other airborne and spaceborne systems, enhancing both data flow and system adaptability.
In this thesis, the main goal is to address these needs for small and compact antennas to be
integrated on said compact platforms. In addition, this thesis presents an extensive study of
the design and development of miniaturised folded-short patch (FSP) antennas for compact
ground planes while also minimising the space and weight requirements for the antennas and
arrays. Furthermore, this work studies dual-band functionality, dual-circularly polarised (DCP)
radiation, and beam steering functionality while also employing new and innovative additive
manufacturing techniques.
Followed by Introduction and Background Chapters, the first contribution of this thesis (in
Chapter 3) presents a new FSP array that provides dual-band functionality and DCP radiation,
suitable for communications, geolocation, and other wireless applications. The proposed 2 ×
2 FSP array design with a total size of 50 mm x 50 mm, operates at about 1:1 and 2:4 GHz
and offers good radiation performance. In addition, this approach achieves high efficiency and
stable radiation properties while maintaining a compact footprint. In Chapter 4, a 3-D metalprinted
dual-band compact antenna array is reported with a total size of 268 mm x 66 mm.
The 1x4 compact linearly polarised array can offer beam-steering capabilities with dual-band
operation; i.e. in the L-band at 1.15 GHz and the S-band at 2:38 GHz. In addition, the measured
peak realised gain is 4.7 dBi at 1.15 GHz and 4.2 dBi at 2.38 GHz. This array design can
offer beam-steering and can improve the communications link as well as reliability in dynamic
circumstances. This design has shown promise for 3D metal printing by additive manufacturing
(AM) techniques, for such aerospace and airborne applications. The third contribution in
Chapter 5 examines AM-inspired compact and lightweight antenna designs, exploring hybrid
methods; i.e. AM, more conventional subtractive manufacturing, and, printed circuit board
(PCB) material integration. This hybridisation of the different fabrication methods achieves
structural effectiveness as well as new antenna functionalities, in particular, design tunability.
The proposed 2x2 compact array operates in the lower frequency band (UHF/VHF) with a total
size of 90 mm x 90 mm. This demonstrates the compactness of the antenna design, as the
operating wavelength can be approximately 1 metre. The array also offers CP radiation. Moreover,
the study demonstrates how advanced AM techniques may be employed, along with more
conventional assembly approaches, to offer further miniaturisation, reduce mass by introducing
air-holes (AH), and enhance antenna efficiency while still maintaining antenna performances.
In summary, the various antennas designed and measured in this final contribution demonstrate
the feasibility of reduced mass and controllable operating frequency by the hybridisation of the
aforementioned manufacturing techniques. For example, the structure can be tuned to operate
between 300 MHz and 600 MHz, while not changing the physical antenna footprint of 90 mm
x 90 mm.
All in all, this PhD research can enhance next-generation compact antenna technology, specifically
when considering placement on small satellites (i.e., CubeSats), UAVs, and other related
compact platforms, in terms of mass reduction and selective antenna performances
Vertical Land Motion in Orogenic Headwaters: A Multi-Basin Assessment of Tectonic, Geomorphic, and Anthropogenic Controls on the NE Tibetan Plateau
No full textThe northeastern Tibetan Plateau represents one of the most tectonically active margins of the India-Eurasia collision, and present-day vertical land motion (Vu) provides an opportunity to improve our understanding of ongoing fault-river interactions. This study develops a systematic, multi-basin pipeline that screens for Vu perturbations at fault-river intersections, using Sentinel-1 InSAR-derived Vu across 14 basins. After residualizing the basin-scale curvature and applying conservative statistical filter, only five crossings across four basins (~0.4% of 1,141 candidates) remained significant. Of these five crossings, two (Basin 1 and Basin 9) were able to withstand the geomorphic and sensitivity checks, and therefore represent the strongest candidates for further assessment. However, all significant detections occurred in rangeland settings, which could suggest possible anthropogenic or hydrologic influences on the signals. Independent GNSS datasets were used to benchmark the InSAR-derived Vu data, revealing weak overall agreement (r = 0.06, RMSE ~2.3mm yr -1) and highlighting the inherent difficulty in attributing subtle motions to tectonic processes alone. These findings showcase both the potential and the limitations of isolating tectonic signals from Vu fields; with future progress requiring longer InSAR stacks, improved atmospheric correction, and explicit treatment of hydrologic and land-use loading
Evaluating the Proxy Potential of Land Use and Macroinvertebrates for Water Quality Assessment in the Lower Mekong Basin
No full textEffective water quality monitoring in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is challenged by the region’s vast spatial extent, limited station coverage, and the logistical complexity of chemical sampling. Yet, given the basin’s ecological significance and the millions of people who depend on its freshwater systems, scalable approaches to aquatic assessment are critically important. This study evaluates whether upstream land use patterns and downstream macroinvertebrate communities can reliably serve as proxy indicators for surface water quality in the LMB.
Using dry-season data from 34 monitoring stations spanning tributary and mainstem sites, the study integrated geospatial land cover metrics, physicochemical water quality variables, and benthic and littoral macroinvertebrate metrics to explore proxy relationships. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), Redundancy Analysis (RDA), and variance partitioning were employed to assess predictive performance across parameters including total suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, and chemical oxygen demand.
Results indicate that both land use, particularly urban and agricultural cover, and macroinvertebrate metrics, such as ATSPT and richness, are independently and complementarily associated with water quality variation. Integrated models (with land use and macroinvertebrates as predictors) showed the strongest explanatory power, with proxy strength varying by water quality parameter. Temporal analysis revealed changing macroinvertebrate composition and increasing anthropogenic land use, underscoring the importance of multi-year monitoring.
By demonstrating the viability of spatial and biological proxies, this study supports a more scalable framework for freshwater assessment. It offers basin-scale insight into ecological condition and lays the groundwork for proxy-based monitoring strategies that are accessible, cost-effective, and applicable to other data-limited river systems
Geospatial UK: Linking Scotland to a Geospatial Future
No full textThe geospatial industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the United Kingdom, and Scotland in particular is looking to leverage this boom in order to become a major geospatial hub within Europe. However, the majority of businesses in this sector report issues with both hiring and retaining adequate numbers of geospatial professionals to complete their work, creating a skills gap or shortage. Effort must be made to not only increase the number of youth who are choosing careers in the geospatial industry, but also to diversify the interests and careers of geospatial professionals. The best way to accomplish this is to incorporate geospatial skills, concepts, and data throughout Scottish secondary education, as well as market geospatial careers directly to students. The Geospatial UK website has been identified as a potential resource for students, teachers of all subjects, and careers counsellors to gain a deeper understanding of the role that geospatial plays in our lives, and the different pathways for entering the industry. Four market research style surveys were sent out to the following groups: students, Geography teachers, non-geography teachers, and careers counsellors. Responses to the surveys, as well as a review of relevant literature, informed the changes and alterations made to the site, including adding further academic resources and showcasing the diverse range of geospatial careers. Based on the survey results, additional outreach is recommended for non-geography teachers and careers counsellors to overcome knowledge gaps, and further updates to the site are proposed
Retrofit Option Scoring Matrix
Get PDFA plain-English, self‑guided scoring worksheet designed to help owners of historic and traditional properties compare retrofit options based on their priorities. Seven criteria are listed with brief prompts for consideration. Users can also write in their own criteria. There are rooms for scoring as well as notes, providing owners an organised space to compare the trade-offs of different options before making a decision. The worksheet is tailored for window improvements but can be adapted for other retrofits. When used to prepare for a window improvement, the worksheet is best read with “Retrofitting Historic Sash and Case Window – A Quick Start Guide for Homeowners” also available in ERA (https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/41922)
The genetic basis of previously unexplained aniridia
Get PDFClassical aniridia [MIM 106210] is a rare, panocular malformation characterised by a spectrum of iris and foveal hypoplasia, later complicated by cataracts, lens subluxation, glaucoma and keratopathy. It is overwhelmingly associated with PAX6 [MIM 607108] haploinsufficiency. PAX6 is a highly-conserved transcription factor that orchestrates eye development. Whilst the molecular genetic basis of aniridia and PAX6 disruption is broadly known, there remain unexplained areas that have guided the work in this thesis.
PAX6 missense variants can partially or fully phenocopy haploinsufficiency, causing classical aniridia. Why they also cause rare “worse than null” phenotypes is unclear. In order to study the effect of variant class on phenotype, I performed systematic, detailed ocular phenotyping followed by cluster analysis of PAX6 eye malformations. This compared all available missense variant cases (n=161) with a size-matched control of likely gene-disruptive (LGD) cases. Whilst LGD variants were almost universally associated with classical aniridia, the phenotypic spectrum of missense cases was wider and appeared to cluster separately, ranging in severity from isolated foveal hypoplasia (hypomorphic) to bilateral severe microphthalmia (worse than null). Recurrent substitutions of key residues in the DNA-binding paired domain of PAX6 accounted for the most severe cases, notably p.Ser54Arg and p.Asn124Lys. The impact of these variants was investigated in vitro, studying the binding of purified PAX6 paired domain to well-characterised PAX6 DNA targets, the LE9 and SIMO enhancers. Electromobility shift assays showed that binding was altered by p.Ser54Arg and p.Asn124Lys compared to wild type, though (unlike classical aniridia variants) not totally abrogated. Their impact differed between the two DNA targets studied. Whilst not explaining all of the observed genotype-phenotype correlation, these data suggest that the variants do alter protein-DNA interactions - consistent with results of protein modelling - and could affect the stoichiometry of PAX6 target gene activation.
I noted a striking similarity between the rare, severe PAX6 missense cases above and those seen in six families with heterozygous variants in MAB21L1 [MIM 601280], all resulting in Arg51 and Phe52 substitutions. All had aniridia and/or microphthalmia, 3/6 had both, and 2/6 had anomalous optic discs. MAB21L1 is involved in eye development downstream of PAX6, but was not known to cause aniridia. To characterise this further, ocular phenotyping of a CRIPSR-Cas9 gene-edited mouse strain carrying Mab21l1 p.Arg51Leu was performed. Adult mice heterozygous for this allele had a highly-penetrant excavated optic nerve anomaly. The phenotype overlaps with but is milder than the human counterpart. The homozygous animals showed severe microphthalmia. There are still questions to be answered regarding the mechanisms in both human and mouse, which may differ, but the human genetic data strongly support this being a new aniridia-associated gene with a gain of function effect.
A small proportion of aniridia is still genetically uncharacterised, indicating that there could be novel ways of inactivating PAX6 or additional disease loci. To address this, I undertook analysis of 37 unrelated mutation-negative individuals with classical aniridia (n=51 including relatives) using paired-end, short-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology. Following an in-house analysis pipeline, causative variants were identified in 22/37 cases (60%). 15/22 were structural variants, including: chromosome 11 inversions, one separating PAX6 from its critical downstream enhancers; deletions of this downstream enhancer region; whole/partial gene deletions of PAX6, and lastly three FOXC1 gene deletions. The remainder were intragenic PAX6 single nucleotide variants, including two deep intronic splice variants. RT-PCR analysis of RNA from patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines was performed in a subset, confirming missplicing in vitro. Notwithstanding historical differences in PAX6 screening, it is remarkable that over half the cohort had a disease mechanism involving either PAX6 or its regulatory region, highlighting the unusually strong disease-gene link.
In summary, this thesis fills gaps in our understanding of aniridia genetics through whole genome diagnosis of unsolved cases, underlining the importance of the wider PAX6 locus and adding to the known variants which inactivate it, as well as through characterisation of severe aniridia-microphthalmia phenotypes caused by rare missense variants in PAX6 and in the novel aniridia-associated gene MAB21L1
The epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Tanzanian smallholder dairy cattle
No full textSmallholder dairy cattle are an important source of livelihood for many rural households in
Tanzania providing power, food and income. The cattle and their farmers experience
numerous challenges from infectious diseases such as bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD). BVD
negatively impacts the livelihoods of the rural communities which make up about 70% of the
Tanzanian population, affecting food security and economic stability. Understanding the
epidemiology of BVD and its consequences is critical for both human and animal health,
thereby making it a crucial public health concern.
BVD caused by bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important diseases of
cattle. It has a global relevance and negative impact on production, reproduction and overall
herd health. It establishes an in-utero infection during the first trimester of gestation, resulting
in the birth of a persistently infected (PI) animal. PI animals act as superspreaders in the herd,
continuously shedding the virus via virtually all body secretions and excretions, including nasal
discharges, saliva, semen, urine, tears, milk, and skin and ear notch. The challenges caused by
BVDV include clinical signs such as gastrointestinal disorder, respiratory illnesses, foetal
defects, stillbirths, abortion, decreased milk yields, and mucosal disease (MD). The virus
causes immunosuppression, making infected animals more susceptible to other infections and
allowing their effects to be more severe.
Risk factors responsible for the transmission of the virus include larger herd size, animal age,
introduction of new animals, and poor biosecurity on the farm. Diagnosis of BVDV can be done
using a variety of antigen and antibody detection tests to help identify PI animals or transiently
infected (TI) animals.
Despite the high prevalence of BVDV in Tanzania, there is currently no national control or
surveillance for the virus. Control is possible using interventions such as vaccinations, testand-
cull, quarantine, and proper biosecurity measures on farms. A combination of these is
more effective than any single intervention on its own in controlling BVDV.
Modelling as a control tool can be done in the absence of interventions in a region as it allows
researchers to simulate different control scenarios, estimate infection spread and investigate
the best control strategy for a specific region.
Economic consequences such as low birth rate, high death rate of PIs, low milk production
and high costs of treatment are often associated with the virus. BVDV is poorly quantified in
many countries but there is a complete lack of evidence about the economic and financial
losses of the disease in Tanzania.
This thesis highlights and addresses some of the knowledge gaps in the understanding of the
epidemiology of BVDV in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). It also investigates the
epidemiology of BVDV in Tanzanian smallholder dairy farms, with a focus on seroprevalence,
significant hotspots, risk factors, and control strategies relevant to the system in six key dairyproducing
Regions of Tanzania. Several analytical methods are used to study the epidemiology
of BVDV without control, the seroprevalence estimates, the most important risk factors
driving the virus spread, models to study the transmission of the virus and the most feasible
control methods to tackle the virus. Together, the results from the various chapters provide
methods and recommendations for evidence-based policies for the control of the virus.
We study the epidemiology of BVDV in Tanzanian smallholder dairy with the specific study
objectives outlined below:
Objective 1 - to synthesize existing knowledge on the prevalence, health impact, risk factors,
and economic consequences of BVDV in low- and middle-income countries through a
systematic review.
Objective 2 - to estimate the seroprevalence and investigate the spatial distribution of BVDV
in six key Regions of Tanzania.
Objective 3 - to identify risk factors associated with BVDV seropositivity and estimate their
strength of association with the outcome in smallholder dairy farms.
Objective 4 - to model the potential impact of vaccination on susceptible animals and culling
of PI animals on BVDV transmission within Tanzanian dairy herds.
In the first analysis, Chapter 2, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted
to identify current research gaps in literature in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) for
BVDV prevalence, risk factors, health and economic impacts. The study identified gaps in
literature, particularly the scarcity of studies on the health and economic impact of BVDV in
these settings. While there are few studies estimating the seroprevalence of BVDV in LMIC
there are no studies for identifying BVDV risk factors driving the infection, and no models for
controlling the virus in Tanzania.
In Chapter 3, using the dataset available from the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and
Health (CTLGH), I conducted an antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to
obtain seroprevalence results and investigated the spatial pattern of BVDV in the six Regions
studied. The results revealed a BVDV seroprevalence of 25.0% (95%CI:23.1-26.9), indicative of
widespread exposure in smallholder dairy herds in the various Regions and identified the
areas where the infection was significantly clustering. These results showed that higher
seroprevalence was found in the Northern Regions and lower levels of seroprevalence were
found in the Southern Regions. This suggests more virus circulation in the north compared to
the south, and therefore targeting the northern areas first might be appropriate in terms of
control if resources are limited.
In Chapter 4, I identify the risk factors associated with BVDV seropositivity in Tanzanian
smallholder dairy farms, using mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression (MMLR) models.
The overall model identified herd size, management practices, animal age and prior
vaccination for other diseases (foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia (CBPP)) as significant risk factors for BVDV seropositivity in an overall
model. The unusual association between BVDV and vaccination seemed interesting, and this
led to the creation of Regional models to re-examine the seroprevalence by Region. Regional
models identified possible endemic transmission in Kilimanjaro, and different drivers in the
other Regions, which led to the conclusion that there was vaccine-related seropositivity in
Arusha, Tanga and Iringa, while Kilimanjaro had more of an endemic transmission.
The overall results show that BVDV is endemic, and the risk factors are mainly driven by
animal age in Kilimanjaro, but by vaccinations in three of the other Regions. Among the
possible explanation for this were: 1) vaccines contaminated with extraneous agents, or 2)
poor biosecurity measures where there is unhygienic use of hypodermic needles between
animals during vaccination.
Finally, in Chapter 5, using mathematical modelling, I investigated the effectiveness of pulse
vaccination on susceptible animals, and culling of persistently infected (PI) animals as
interventions to reduce BVDV transmission. The results suggest that the virus reaches
endemic equilibrium at twelve years following introduction into a naïve population, and the
low prevalence of PI animals in the system will continue to maintain transmission in the
absence of intervention. Strategic pulse vaccination, even with limited coverage at 20%, could
limit the spread of BVDV, and coverage approaching 100% significantly reduces BVDV
transmission. Pulse vaccination lowers the prevalence and mitigates disease impact within
smallholder herds. Vaccination combined with culling PI animals would significantly reduce
BVDV prevalence within herds. These provide policymakers with evidence for the best control
methods for the Regions even in the absence of resources to implement systematic control.
The analyses in this thesis highlight the complexity of BVDV circulation and the potential that
(1) there are natural transmissions in Kilimanjaro, and (2) possibly some of the apparent
patterns are due to vaccination in other Regions such as Arusha, Tanga and Iringa. These then
raise critical concerns about vaccine contamination, biosecurity and safety at manufacturing
points. For more successful control, effective vaccination protocols and biosecurity must be
prioritised, and routine vaccine testing for BVDV contamination could be implemented. This
will mitigate transmission and limit the consequences of BVDV such as calf deaths and other
losses due to BVDV in the Tanzanian smallholder dairy system
Access Repository Dashboard
Do you manage Edinburgh Research Archive? Access insider analytics, issue reports and manage access to outputs from your repository in the CORE Repository Dashboard!