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Structural and transport studies of binary compounds under extreme conditions
Get PDFNovel materials and behaviours can be observed in systems under extreme pressures in excess of 100 GPa and the extremes of temperatures (4 K-3000 K) that were not previously accessible by conventional chemical synthesis.
Reacting the extremely stable N2 molecule with a host metal under extreme conditions can form exotic nitrogen networks, such as pentagonal nitrogen rings or infinitely long singularly bonded nitrogen chains, which could be stabilised in the metal lattice to form a High Energy Density Material (HEDM). A high pressure study of barium and nitrogen under extreme pressures up to 100 GPa and ∼3000 K was conducted and found to form a modulated barium nitrogen compound where the average structure is cubic, synthesised by laser heating the sample at 52 GPa. Alongside this synthesis, an hcp barium nitrogen compound was formed from laser heating barium in a nitrogen atmosphere at 89 GPa and from volumetric considerations a tentative stoichiometry of BaN6 could be assigned.
Throughout barium experimentation, the formation of Ba-V was observed at pressures as low as 33 GPa after laser heating. Decompression of Ba-V showed that there is a significant hysteresis in the phase change between phases IV and V, where Ba-V does not transform to Ba-IV until 23.5 GPa. This suggests that Ba-IV is a low temperature meta-stable phase and the discontinuity between Ba-II and Ba-V may disappear at high temperatures.
The closure of the band gap of selenium disulphide (SeS2) has been investigated from ambient pressure up to 55 GPa using the four probe method. The sample was observed to undergo an insulator-to-semiconductor-to-metal transition at 20 GPa and 36 GPa. This coincided with a visual change in the appearance of the samples, which changed from an orange powder to a black solid to reflective grey metal. There is also evidence of a potential superconducting transition at approximately 4 K to 10 K at 45 GPa characterised by a sudden drop in resistance. Unfortunately this temperature coincides with the cryostat’s lowest temperature so the resistance was not observed to stabilise at ∼ 0 Ω
Environmental monitoring using acoustic and elastic waves
No full textMechanical waves originate from disturbances in a physical medium in which they propagate
through the interaction and vibration of its particles. These waves can be classified according
to the physical state of the medium - vibrations in liquid or gaseous media are termed acoustic
waves, whereas in solids they are referred to as elastic waves. The properties of mechanical
waves can be leveraged across different media and various scientific fields. This thesis specifically
examines the roles of acoustic and elastic waves within geophysical and bioacoustic
applications with an emphasis on using passive wavefield recordings to image and monitor
both the Solid Earth and the Ocean.
A common approach for environmental monitoring, typically employed in Solid Earth applications,
is to use mechanical waves to produce models of the subsurface over extended time
periods. To achieve this, I focus on the propagation of these waves, which can be described
by their governing wave equation - a mathematical description used to relate the spatial and
temporal variations of the wave to the physical properties of the medium through which it
travels. While acoustic media only support compressional waves, elastic media support more
types of wave motion due to the solid’s rigidity which allows it to resist shape changes and
support shear stresses. Consequently, wave propagation in elastic media follows a more
complex wave equation. In applied geophysics however, it is common to describe complex
elastic phenomena with acoustic approximations.
To explore the impact of this approximation on subsurface models, I use a seismic imaging
method, namely gradiometric wave equation inversion (WEI). Gradiometric WEI estimates
properties of the Earth’s subsurface by calculating gradients of incoming wavefields and
directly substituting them into the relevant wave equations. In Chapter 2, I design a synthetic
study to better understand the roles of different material properties in gradiometric WEI for
both acoustic and elastic media. I particularly focus on subsurface density for which estimation
remains challenging with non-invasive geophysical methods. In seismics, this is generally
due to the low sensitivity of mechanical waves to density compared to other parameters.
Designing a workflow that can estimate near-surface density in elastic media could assist
in more accurately mapping subsurface heterogeneities and detecting soil instabilities. The
conducted analysis shows that gradiometric WEI can directly estimate lateral density changes
in gases and liquids using the acoustic wave equation, relying solely on horizontal pressure
gradient information. However, applying this approximation to elastic media clearly shows that
the difference in underlying wave propagation principles prohibits density to be appropriately
estimated.
I propose that in elastic media, it may be possible to estimate bulk density by introducing
a well-defined volume force term in the free-surface elastic wave equation. In Chapter 3,
I test this hypothesis in a laboratory setting that facilitates the calculation of precise full
three-dimensional (3D) gradients. The tests reveal that implementing a well-calibrated, highly
repeatable surface source in the WEI workflow shows promise for obtaining direct information
on bulk density. However, this approach is subject to significant limitations such as the need
for exact a priori knowledge on the source term and acquisition both at the surface and in
depth. I discuss how the use of complementary or new sensor technology could make this
method non-invasive and practical.
Despite the challenges to estimate subsurface density, gradiometric WEI has great potential in
producing high-resolution images of the subsurface in almost near-real time, offering valuable
insights into dynamic geological processes. In Chapter 4, to further explore the method’s
applicability, I aim to quantify the precision of detecting velocity changes within the subsurface
using gradiometric WEI and passive wavefield recordings in the cultural frequency band.
Preliminary results indicate that the robustness of velocity estimates is influenced in part by
the length of the recording used to compute wavefield gradients. However, the primary source
of variability arises from the level of suitability of the wave types contained in the ambient
noise wavefield.
Monitoring can be achieved not only by interpreting images of material parameters but also by
leveraging the temporal and spectral properties of signals directly. In Chapter 5, I explore how
machine-learning methods can utilize conventional wave analysis tools, such as spectrogram
images, to inform on the environment by learning and recognizing source signature patterns.
More specifically, I use convolutional neural networks (CNN) to automatically detect events of
interest, in this case animal calls for bioacoustic research, in long-term recordings based on
image recognition technology. This method is applied to deep-sea sound datasets from the
West Pacific and Atlantic oceans to assist with ecosystem monitoring using passive acoustic
waves. The analysis offers new insight into long-term vocalization trends of an indicator species
and their correlation with dynamic processes in the deep sea, thus inferring ecosystem
functioning. I then discuss the transferability of this method from detecting events generated
by acoustic sources to identifying relevant elastic sources in the context of environmental
monitoring of the Solid Earth.
In summary, this thesis investigates two different approaches to using mechanical waves
for monitoring purposes. The focus of the first part lies on the development of an emerging
method to improve imaging capabilities with the outlook of being used in environmental geophysical
applications. The second part is application focused, demonstrating how acoustic
waves can be useful to answer ecological research questions
Incidence of and risks associated with psychotropic prescribing after critical care in the United Kingdom
Get PDFBackground
Mental health problems and insomnia affect up to half of all critical care survivors within a
year of hospital discharge. Such conditions contribute to increased morbidity and mortality
observed in survivors. Studies undertaken in Canada, the Netherlands, and Sweden have
shown that psychotropic medicines such as anxiolytics and hypnotics (e.g., benzodiazepines
and z-drugs) are commonly prescribed to intensive care unit (ICU) survivors after hospital
discharge, but there is limited evidence on the safety of such prescriptions in survivors. My
PhD work is comprised of four retrospective studies which examined community prescribing to
adults following hospitalisation for critical care. The studies: 1) described psychotropic
prescribing patterns in Lothian, Scotland from 2012–2019; 2) estimated the association of
critical care and new psychotropic prescribing in hospitalised survivors; 3) assessed patient
factors associated with new benzodiazepine or z-drug prescribing; and 4) estimated the risk of
rehospitalisation and death associated with benzodiazepine and z-drug prescribing after
critical care. I performed all data cleaning, analyses, and visualisations in R.
Descriptive study
The aim of my first study was to describe patterns of community psychotropic prescribing after
hospitalisation for critical care in Lothian, Scotland from 2012–2019. I found that one-third
(33.7%) of survivors were prescribed psychotropic medicines within 90 days of hospital
discharge (25.4% antidepressants; 14.8% anxiolytics/hypnotics; and 4.3% antipsychotics/mania
medicines). Prescribing patterns did not vary extensively over the study period. I also
examined prescriptions by subgroup and generic name. Serotoninergic antidepressants (48%)
were the most common antidepressant prescribed. Benzodiazepines (71%) were the most
common anxiolytic/hypnotic prescribed (particularly diazepam (47.5%)). Lastly, second-generation antipsychotics (62%) were the most frequently prescribed subgroup of
antipsychotic/mania medicines.
Cohort studies
The primary aim of my first analytic cohort study was to examine the association of critical
care and community psychotropic prescribing, by comparing critical care survivors to non-critical care hospitalised survivors using multivariable Cox regression. Among patients without
psychotropic prescriptions within 180 days prior to hospitalisation, the critical care group had
a higher incidence of psychotropic prescribing within 90 days of hospital discharge (10.3%;
1610/15,609) compared with the non-critical care group (3.2%; 9743/307,429); unadjusted
hazard ratio (HR) 3.39, 95%CI 3.22–3.57. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk
remained elevated (adjusted HR 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.91–2.16) and persisted
later in follow-up (90–365 day; adjusted HR 1.38, 95%CI 1.30–1.46).
The focus of my second cohort study was restricted to benzodiazepine and z-drug prescribing. I
examined patient characteristics and practice variation associated with new community
benzodiazepine or z-drug prescriptions in critical care survivors without pre-admission
prescribing. Patient characteristics assessed included sociodemographic information, medical
history, and in-hospital factors. Using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum
datasets of adults hospitalised in 2010 and 2018, I performed multilevel multivariable logistic
regression for new (any prescription within 90 days) and for new-and-persistent (2+
prescriptions within 180 days) benzodiazepine or z-drug prescribing, as well as evaluated
variation by primary care practice. I found that 5.2% (2769/52,846) of treatment-naïve
survivors were prescribed a benzodiazepine or z-drug after hospital discharge, with almost half
of those having new-and-persistent prescribing (2.5% of total, 1311/52,846). Zopiclone was
the most common drug prescribed (50%) followed by diazepam (19%). A history of insomnia
(adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.96; 95%CI 1.74–2.21), anxiety or depression (adjusted OR 1.40;
95%CI 1.28–1.53), and recent opioid prescription (adjusted OR 1.47; 95%CI 1.34–1.61) were
associated with new community prescription. The combination of opioid and benzodiazepine
has been associated with increased risk of hospitalisation and death in other studies, making
this finding concerning. After adjusting for other confounders, sex was not associated with
new prescription and older patients were less likely to receive a prescription. Among new
prescriptions, 2.6% of the variation was attributable to the prescribing practice.
The aim for the final cohort study was to assess the risk of adverse events associated with
benzodiazepine or z-drug prescribing in adult critical care survivors hospitalised in 2010 or
2018 (not limited to treatment-naïve patients as in the previous study). I used linked data from
the UK CPRD to evaluate the risk of rehospitalisation or death due to falls or trauma-related
events and due to any cause, comparing critical care survivors prescribed benzodiazepine or z-drugs to those not prescribed. I used risk-set matching: each exposed patient was matched to
up to five unexposed patients by days from hospital discharge to prescription (or match date in
unexposed patients), as well as by primary care practice and cohort year. Patients were
followed up for 30 days from prescription or match date for outcome assessment. HRs were
estimated using stratified Cox regression and adjusted for confounders. Additionally, I
performed subgroup analyses of treatment-naïve patients. For the full cohort, I matched 4884
exposed survivors to up to five unexposed survivors (n=23,834). The median days to
prescription (and match date in the unexposed) was 11 days (interquartile range (IQR) 4–25
days). Prescription of benzodiazepines or z-drugs showed no conclusive evidence of increased
risk of falls or trauma-related events in the full cohort (adjusted HR 1.27; 95%CI 0.76–2.14) or
in treatment-naïve individuals (adjusted HR 1.79; 95%CI 0.61–5.26), because estimates lacked
precision due to low event rates. For all-cause rehospitalisation or death, benzodiazepines or
z-drugs were associated with increased risk (full cohort adjusted HR 1.24, 95%CI 1.14–1.36;
treatment-naïve adjusted HR 1.66, 95%CI 1.49–1.86). However, after excluding patients
treated for palliative care, the association persisted only in treatment-naïve individuals (full
cohort adjusted HR 1.08, 95%CI 0.98–1.19; treatment-naïve adjusted HR 1.42, 95%CI 1.25–
1.62).
Conclusions
This research demonstrated that one third of adult survivors of critical illness received a
psychotropic prescription within 90 days after hospital discharge, while one in ten
psychotropic-naïve critical care survivors received a new psychotropic prescription.
Prospective studies and/or availability of in-hospital prescribing data are needed to address
whether community prescriptions are the result of recommendations from the discharging
hospital, inappropriate continuation, or initiation post-discharge. Focussing on community
benzodiazepine or z-drug prescribing, I found that one in 20 treatment-naïve adult critical care
survivors received a new community prescription within 90 days of hospital discharge, with
almost half of those receiving more than one such prescription. Survivors of critical illness can
have new or worsened physiological impairments, making them potentially vulnerable to
adverse events of these medicines. Indeed, this research demonstrated that community
benzodiazepine and z-drug prescribing was associated with increased risk of all-cause
rehospitalisations and deaths in critical care survivors who had not been prescribed these
before hospitalisation. Clinicians should balance the possible benefits with the likely harms of
prescribing these drugs in this potentially vulnerable patient group
Multimodal imaging intelligence for combinatorial screening
No full textDrug screening is a prolonged and expensive process, typically taking 10-15 years and over $2 billion from discovery to market. While advances in microfluidics, robotic assays, and molecular design have improved parts of the pipeline, imaging remains a major bottleneck. Capturing images for 104–105 compounds can take days. Current methods—primarily brightfield and fluorescence microscopy—offer high resolution but suffer from limited fields of view (FOV), requiring time-consuming tile scanning to cover large areas such as microplates or microfluidic chips. This hinders scalability and real-time monitoring. Moreover, reliance on fluorescent biomarkers introduces toxicity, invasiveness, and variability, further limiting throughput and reliability.
To address these limitations, this dissertation presents physics-informed machine learning methods that integrate physical system knowledge into end-to-end imaging algorithms. The work spans from algorithmic development to system-level implementation, providing a new paradigm for high-throughput, real-time biomedical imaging.
The first contribution is GenLFI, a novel large-FOV, real-time lens-free imaging (LFI) framework enabled by a generative physics-informed deep neural network. GenLFI reconstructs high-resolution holographic images from a single frame, even under dynamic and noisy conditions, achieving sub-pixel resolution and over 20× the FOV of conventional LFI systems. This capability makes it suitable for real-time observation of complex 3D cell cultures and drug interactions.
Building upon GenLFI, the dissertation introduces a multi-modal imaging system that integrates LFI with electrical impedance tomography (EIT). This system captures both morphological and functional responses in a label-free, non-invasive manner with high temporal resolution. To further enhance functional imaging, the work proposes SIP-KAN, an untrained Kolmogorov-Arnold Network that incorporates the EIT system sensitivity matrix as a physical prior, improving both the reconstruction quality and interpretability.
Finally, these methods are applied to practical drug screening scenarios, including post-imaging clinical analysis of gene-edited organoids and customized LFI setups for parallelized imaging in microfluidic platforms. These implementations demonstrate the system’s utility for high-throughput, real-time screening applications.
By drastically reducing image acquisition time from days to near real-time and integrating automation strategies with microfluidics, the proposed multimodal LFI-EIT system has the potential to accelerate the overall drug screening pipeline by up to 10-fold—potentially reducing total screening time by 70-90%
Women, Peace and the United Nations: The UN’s Role in Advancing Gender Provisions in Peace Agreements
No full textTwenty-five years after the adoption of UNSCR 1325, this report assesses the extent to which gender perspectives have been integrated into peace agreements and examines the specific contribution of UN involvement. Although references to women, girls, and gender increased from 12% to 28% after 2000, overall inclusion remains limited: only 21% of agreements contain gender provisions, and recent years (2019–2023) show a marked decline across both UN and non-UN agreements. Agreements without UN signatories reference women more frequently as a share of all agreements, yet UN involvement correlates with broader and more substantive gender coverage. UN-signed agreements generally include higher proportions of gender-related issues and experience less severe declines over time, though progress is uneven and characterised by episodic peaks rather than sustained growth. Most agreements—UN and non-UN alike—feature only two to three types of gender provisions, with comprehensive approaches remaining rare. Variation across UN actors is modest, and the prevalence of single, ‘hook’ references suggests limited depth despite formal commitments. While exceptions such as the 2020 Juba Agreement demonstrate what robust integration can achieve, the overall findings underscore that the transformative ambitions of the WPS agenda remain far from fully realised
Encouraging human-wildlife coexistence in Scotland: implementing key stakeholder perspectives and international mechanisms to design a wildlife coexistence fund
Get PDFBiodiversity worldwide is facing an accelerating crisis, driven by agricultural intensification, unsustainable land management practices, habitat loss, and the escalating impacts of climate change. This decline not only endangers wild species but also vital ecosystem services that support human livelihoods, such as clean water, pollination, and food production.
As nature restoration efforts and species reintroductions increase, constructive human-wildlife coexistence (HWC) becomes an urgent concern for policy and practice. Agricultural and rural communities around the world often bear a disproportionate share of the costs and challenges associated with sharing land with wildlife. In Scotland, despite commitments to tackle the biodiversity and climate crises, current government schemes continue to support intensive agricultural production and lack the ambition and scope to adequately support HWC or nature recovery at the scale and pace required.
This thesis explores strategies to support HWC in Scotland, addressing the urgent need for financial mechanisms that effectively encourage, recognize, and reward efforts by key Scottish stakeholders, including farmers, crofters, land managers, and rewilding practitioners, to coexist with wildlife. It investigates the feasibility of a Scottish Wildlife Coexistence Fund (WCF), drawing on international examples of government-backed outcome-based funding for HWC and semi-structured interviews with key Scottish stakeholders regarding their main concerns and motivations for a potential WCF.
The analysis of international funding schemes identified six recurrent characteristics for successful HWC: (1) robust stakeholder involvement, (2) clear and measurable outcomes, (3) diversified financial mechanisms, (4) comprehensive education and awareness initiatives, (5) conditional payment structures, and (6) adaptive flexibility.
Scottish stakeholders, including farmers, crofters, land managers, and rewilding practitioners, voiced significant concerns, such as entrenched conflicts over land-use values, rigid and ill-fitting scheme requirements, insufficient government action and public investment, and high administrative burdens.
Despite these challenges, strong motivations for reform emerged, with participants advocating for greater bottom-up engagement, improved public education, recognition of existing coexistence efforts, and the adaptation of successful international models. The findings underscore a persistent gap between Scotland's ambitious biodiversity goals and the practical realities faced by key stakeholders.
This study concludes that a dedicated Wildlife Coexistence Fund, incorporating the identified principles of effective funding models and addressing stakeholder concerns, is crucial. Such a fund would serve as a vital instrument for achieving Scotland's biodiversity and climate ambitions through inclusive and adaptive land stewardship, fostering trust and bridging the policy-practice divide by empowering rural communities as active stewards for nature recovery
Reviving Bú-gí: an investigation of language policy and language management in Taiwan
No full textThis thesis is comprised of three papers that investigate three different
aspects of language policy and language management in Taiwan. The first
paper outlines the development of National Languages in Taiwan as a status.
National Languages show the shift from official monolingualism to official
multilingualism. The creation of National Languages and the codification of
linguistic equality form the base of the indigenous and local revitalisation
movements in Taiwan.
The second paper investigates the management of National Languages
through a policy of devolution. Drawing on the Spolskian theory of language
management the study emphasises the intended goals of the national
revitalisation movement. Describing how the national government delegates
responsibility to local and regional authorities to carry out their own language
policy it is found that there are two overarching styles to this management—de
facto management and de jure management. These two styles point to the
potential for differing outcomes in the overall revitalisation efforts allowing
certain varieties to remain dominant over others.
Lastly, the third paper includes a case-study on the standardisation of
written forms of the National Language Tâi-gí. Using digital ethnographic
observational data, it is found that multiple written standards are being
sustained with the combination of two coexisting scripts, Lô-má-jī and Hàn-jī.
These standards are maintained via official and non-official dictionaries and
resources which are shared and discussed in multiple online spaces. This
thesis contributes to a growing number of studies on language policy and
revitalisation in Taiwan by providing a unique perspective grounded in theory.
It also illustrates how each layer of policy impacts aspects revitalisation.
Aspects on devolved management give clear starting points for further
investigations into National Language revitalisation efforts in Taiwan
Locally-led anticipatory action and adaptation through community action planning (CAP) in Ethiopia: From research to action
Get PDFPresented at Building the Resilience and Prosperity of Pastoralists and Dryland Communities, Nairobi, Kenya, 1-2 October 202
Co-developing a short course on pastoralism and planetary health
Get PDFPresented at Building the Resilience and Prosperity of Pastoralists and Dryland Communities, Nairobi, Kenya, 1-2 October 202
The oyster larval microbiome and its manipulation for the improvement of shellfish aquaculture
Get PDFAquaculture is the practice of farming aquatic species and contributes significantly to global
seafood production. Aquaculture production has increased dramatically since the 1950’s, and with this, so has the production of molluscs. Oysters make up the most commonly produced group of molluscs by quantity, being produced for both food sustainability and ecological restoration goals. Importantly, the security and expansion of oyster farming is reliant upon reliable production of good quality seedstock from hatcheries. The production of such seedstock is, however, greatly hindered by large-scale disease mortality events that often occur during the larval stages of the oyster lifecycle. The causes of these disease mortality events are known to be often caused by dysbiosis of the larval microbiome (the collection of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and fungi that live within the larvae and their environment). It is also is well accepted that the microbiome plays a key role in maintaining larval health. Research into the bacteria that reside within oyster larvae and their environments is therefore vital to understand larval health and improve the ways in which they are farmed. This research is also of benefit to aquaculture generally with methods of improving oyster aquaculture being possibly applicable to other key bivalve species such as mussels, scallops or clams. Within a broader context still, the improvement of oyster aquaculture is beneficial to restoration efforts, where increased oyster production allows for the improvement of water quality, substrate stabilisation and increased biodiversity in coastal ecosystems.
This thesis aims to improve the current understanding of the larval microbiome and
investigate possible methods of microbial manipulation for improved larval heath within the
hatchery setting. Chapter two addressed this with an environmental microbiome study of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis). This was done via the collection of water samples taken throughout a natural spawning event of O. edulis at Loch Ryan, UK. It was reported that microbial changes within this spawning event were most closely correlated with date and driven by the differences in abundance of certain bacterial taxa such as those belonging to the Rhodobacteraceae family. Inverse abundance profiles were also observed between bacteria belonging to the Rhodobacteraceae family and Vibrio genera. With species of the Vibrio genera being known to cause disease mortality events in larvae, this finding allowed for the formation of a hypothesis that Sulfitobacter and Jannaschia genera of Rhodobacteraceae may be suitable probiotic candidates for usage within oyster hatcheries. This hypothesis was tested through both bacterial plate assays and in vivo challenges in adult oysters throughout chapter five. Although preliminary, these challenges provided promising data. Most importantly, the addition of Rhodobacteraceae to seawater improved oyster survival rate when challenged with Vibrio aestuarianus. This finding has possible applications to improving oyster heath and cultivation. Chapter five also discusses future experimental work needed to replicate these findings within larger sample sets.
Similarly, chapter three was carried out with the ultimate aim of improving larval health
within the hatchery environment for improved oyster production. This chapter again uses full-length 16S rRNA sequencing to provide baseline bacterial profiles throughout commercial
production at two different UK hatcheries, covering species of both O. edulis (produced at
Portsmouth) and Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas, produced at Morecambe Bay). The core larval
microbiomes from each hatchery were identified and microbial species richness tended to
decrease as the larvae developed. Microbial profiles of larvae were also found to be distinct
to that of their surrounding water. This broad-scale microbial data also allowed for the
microbial implications of hatchery practices to be discussed with water filtration techniques
at both locations being successful in reducing bacterial diversity within the water samples.
Generally, this chapter improves the current understanding of the larval microbiome and their
hatchery environment whilst also fulfilling a knowledge gap by conducting this research
throughout commercial production.
Chapter four builds upon previous baseline data by investigating possible methods of
microbiome manipulation to improve larval health and negate the need for antibiotic usage
within hatcheries. The growth rates of larvae which were reared up to 15-days post
fertilisation under different diet and treatment groups were collected. Microbial comparisons
were also reported via both culture dependent and independent techniques. Most notably,
the microbiomes of larvae grown under two different dietary treatments were found to be
distinct from one another, with differences being driven by the abundance of bacterial taxa
such as Actinobacteria, Bdellovibrionia and Bacilli.
In summary, this thesis provides vital baseline data about the O. edulis and C. gigas larval
microbiomes throughout a range of different spawning types and locations. This has allowed
for an improved understanding of the larval microbiome which is vital in order to better
inform hatchery practices and improve production. Chapters four and five build upon the
previous broad-scale data collected in two and three by demonstrating possible methods of
targeted microbial manipulation
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