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Mortality and disability-adjusted life years for smoking-attributed cancers from 1990 to 2019 in the north Africa and middle east countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019
No full textAim and background: Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cancers. The aim of the study is to estimate the trend of mortality and DALYs of smoking-attributed cancers in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) countries. Methods: In this study, estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD-2019) study were used to report the mortality and DALYs for 16 smoking-attributed cancers. The mortality and DALYs rates from smoking-attributed cancers were evaluated by age, sex, and the 21 countries of the NAME countries from 1990 to 2019. Results: Age standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for the 29 smoking-attributed cancers in the NAME countries in 1990 and 2019 were estimated to be 24.7 (95% Uncertainty Interval: 21.5, 27.8) and 22.4 (95%UI: 19.8, 25.4) respectively, which shows a 9.2% decrease in the three decades. DALYs/100,000 for smoking-attributed cancers was, also, estimated to be 600.3 (95%UI: 521.6, 682.6) and 515.6 (95%UI: 454.9, 585.4) respectively, which indicates a 14.1% decreased in these three decades. In the last three decades, the percentage changes in DALYs/100,000 for smoking-attributed cancers in males and females were − 0.16 and − 0.03, respectively. Plus, The percentage changes in ASMR in males and females were − 12% and 8%, respectively. Furthermore, The highest ASMR and DALYs were observed in Lebanon, Turkey, and Palestine in 2019. Conclusion: The mortality rates of cancers from smoking have increased substantially among females, in most countries of the NAME region, in recent years. The burden caused by smoking can be reduced through modifying lifestyle and applying strict laws on smoking by governments and policymaker
A comprehensive review of cancer therapies mediated by conjugated gold nanoparticles with nucleic acid
No full textNucleic acids provide a promising therapeutic platform by targeting various cell signaling pathways involved in cancer and genetic disorders. However, maintaining optimal stability during delivery limits their utility. Nucleic acid delivery vehicles are generally categorized into biological and synthetic carriers. Regardless of the efficiency of biological vectors, such as viral vectors, issues related to their immunogenicity and carcinogenesis are very important and vital for clinical applications. On the other hand, synthetic vectors such as lipids or polymers, have been widely used for nucleic acid delivery. Despite their transfection efficiency, low storage stability, targeting inefficiency, and tracking limitations are among the limitations of the clinical application of these vectors. In the past decades, gold nanoparticles with unique properties have been shown to be highly efficient mineral vectors for overcoming these obstacles. In this review, we focus on gold nanoparticle-nucleic acid combinations and highlight their use in the treatment of various types of cancers. Furthermore, by stating the biological applications of these structures, we will discuss their clinical applications
Correction: Nano-immunotherapy: overcoming delivery challenge of immune checkpoint therapy
No full textThe original article has been revise
Crosstalk of NLRP3 inflammasome and noncoding RNAs in cardiomyopathies
No full textCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) identified as a serious public health problem. Although there is a lot of evidence that inflammatory processes play a significant role in the progression of CVDs, however, the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Nevertheless, recent studies have focused on inflammation and its related agents. Nucleotide oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger innate immune response. NLRP3 is a component of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family and have a pivotal role in detecting damage to cardiovascular tissue. It is suggested that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome leads to initiating and propagating the inflammatory response in cardiomyopathy. So, late investigations have highlighted the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in various forms of cardiomyopathy. On the other side, it was shown that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly, microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs possess a regulatory function in the immune system's inflammatory response, implicating their involvement in various inflammatory disorders. In addition, their role in different cardiomyopathies was indicated in recent studies. This review article provides a summary of recent advancements focusing on the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in common CVDs, especially cardiomyopathy, while also discussing the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by ncRNAs
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells -conditioned medium effects on Glioma U87 cell line migration, apoptosis, and gene expression
No full textThe conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has controversial roles in cancer, either promoting or suppressing tumor growth. Our research on the results of adipose tissue-derived MSC (AD-MSC)-conditioned media on U87 glioma cells was motivated by the disputed role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cancer, which may either promote or inhibit tumor growth. Using flow cytometry, AD-MSCs were identified, verified, and their conditioned media was used to treat U87 cells. Through RT-qPCR, scratch assay, and apoptosis analysis, we evaluated gene expression (SOX4, H19, and CCAT1), cell migration, and apoptosis in U87 cells.The conditioned media greatly increased the expression of SOX4 and H19, but not CCAT1. Although there were few differences in migration and apoptosis, both were slightly increased in the treated group.These outcomes have drawn attention to the complexity of the interactions between MSCs and glioma cells. This complexity requires further research to identify the specific mechanisms governing MSC-mediated impacts on the development of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
Novel Silymarin-Loaded Biosynthesized AgNPs for Improving Anticancer Activities in Breast Cancer
No full textPlant-derived compounds with anti-cancer effects are known as new candidates for treatment. Silymarin is one of these effective compounds; however, the low solubility of silymarin in aqueous systems can be one of the possible obstacles. Nanotechnology has been used to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this study, silymarin was delivered with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to breast cancer cells. Nanoparticles were synthesized by the green method using gallic acid. Silymarin loading into nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR. The toxicity of AgNPs, silymarin, and AgNPs/silymarin on two different breast cancer lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) and normal HDF cells was investigated. According to results, AgNPs/silymarin exhibited a greater lethal effect on cancer lines compared to single treatment and much less lethal effect on the HDF cell. Inhibition of colony formation, migration and increased apoptosis were found to be effective on the treatment with AgNPs/silymarin compared to single treatments. The highest decrease in the expression of genes involved in metastasis, KRAS, MMP2/9, and TPM3 was observed. The use of AgNPs to deliver silymarin to cancer cells creates different inhibitory mechanisms against cancer cells, which highlights the use of AgNPs as drug delivery systems in cancer
History of the largest global biobanks, ethical challenges, registration, and biological samples ownership
No full textAims: Over the past few years, human DNA sampling and data collection have been improved with the aim of genetic research, clinical care, and future therapies. Since healthcare depends on modern research, it justifies access to biological samples. Therefore, the existence of organized sets of biological samples is essential. These collections are known as biobanks, gene banks, or gene libraries. There are many cases of abuse in relation to the structure of these organizations in the financial, political, individual, and social fields, and also ethical concerns, which are worth of investigation. Method: To this end, in December 2019 a literature review was performed from the PubMed and Scopus online databases. The principal biobanking issues discussed were: (i) overview of the largest global biobanks, and (ii) top ethical biobank issues. Results and conclusion: Only a limited number of studies were reviewed in this research, but the relevant ethical issues were clarified. We worked hard to stay neutral and to express the different authors’ views on ethical issues. Differences among the writers and institutions’ views were observed, but the main ethical principles of respect are utility, justice, minimizing harm, and motivation to participate in this researches. However, the rapid growth of biobanks creates new issues that are hard to follow and discuss. Therefore, there are issues that have not yet been resolved and should be discussed in the futur
The effect of autophagy-related MicroRNAs on FIP200, ATG13 and HIF1A expression levels in breast cancer patients
No full textAutophagy acts like a double-edged sword in either tumor promotion or suppression of breast cancer. Crosstalk between miRNAs and autophagic targets is one interesting scenario for the dual behavior of this pathway. On this basis the present study was designed to evaluate the expression pattern of certain candidate miRNAs and their targets in breast cancer patients. A total of 47 fresh breast carcinomas and matched adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were obtained. Bioinformatics analysis of putative miRNA binding sites identified miR-133, and miR-206, miR-199a/b, as regulating expressions of the FIP200, ATG-13 and HIF1a, respectively. The expression levels of candidate miRNAs and their targets were examined using quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Our results demonstrated that all four miRNAs expression levels are downregulated in breast tumor tissue compared with corresponding non-neoplastic tissue. Decreased expression of miR-133 and miR-199b showed a significant correlation with tumor grade. Moreover, a significant downregulation of miR-199b was observed in HER-2-negative patients. We found that FIP200 and ATG13 were downregulated in tumor tissues while HIF1a showed a significant upregulation. No significant association between the target genes and clinicopathological features was observed. Our data clarified a strong positive correlation between expression levels of miR-133 and FIP200 while the correlation between miR-206 and ATG13, and, miR-199a/b and HIF1a were not statistically significant. In conclusion, these results support the regulatory role of miR-133 during breast cancer development via the autophagy pathway and provide an opportunity to develop targeted therapeutics for breast cancer
Neuroprotective properties of Betulin, Betulinic acid, and Ursolic acid as triterpenoids derivatives: a comprehensive review of mechanistic studies
No full textCognitive deficits are the main outcome of neurological disorders whose occurrence has risen over the past three decades. Although there are some pharmacologic approaches approved for managing neurological disorders, it remains largely ineffective. Hence, exploring novel nature-based nutraceuticals is a pressing need to alleviate the results of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Some triterpenoids and their derivates can be considered potential therapeutics against neurological disorders due to their neuroprotective and cognitive-improving effects. Betulin (B), betulinic acid (BA), and ursolic acid (UA) are pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds with a variety of biological activities, including antioxidative, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on the therapeutic efficacy and probable molecular mechanisms of triterpenoids in damage prevention to neurons and restoring cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Considering few studies on this concept, the precise mechanisms that mediate the effect of these compounds in neurodegenerative disorders have remained unknown. The findings can provide sufficient information about the advantages of these compounds against neurodegenerative disease