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Estimation of Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes and Evaluation of the Surveillance Systems for Sexually Transmitted Infection in Marvdasht
No full textBackground: Correctly estimating the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is crucial for monitoring and managing these diseases effectively. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of STI syndromes and evaluate the surveillance systems for STIs in Marvdasht. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2018 involving a population-based random sample of 3 879 participants aged 18-50 in Marvdasht city. Genital ulcers and secretions in both genders were used as the primary outcomes to assess the completeness of the system and calculate the correction factor. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the correction factor for the prevalence of selected syndromes in each gender. The correction factor was determined by dividing the cases estimated through the mathematical model by the cases reported by the surveillance systems. Results: The estimated prevalence (with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) of urethral discharge in men and women, based on the model, was 25.32% (23.08-27.56) and 47.03% (39.93-54.13), respectively, and for genital ulcers, it was 5.16% (4.06-6.86) for men and 15.50% (9.5-21.5) for women. In both genders and for both syndromes, the reported prevalence by the care system (men: discharge 0.09% [0.07-0.11], ulcer 0.04% [0.03-0.06]; women: discharge 0.12% [0.1-0.15], ulcer 0.19% [0.16-0.22]) was severely underestimated. The highest and lowest underreporting correction ratios in the national STI monitoring system were observed for urethral discharge in men (124.5) and genital ulcers in women (7.26), respectively. Conclusions: The study revealed that the reported prevalence of STI syndromes in Iran is significantly underestimated compared to the actual prevalence in the population. Fundamental revisions are necessary to enhance the system’s validity and completeness in detecting and reporting STIs
Berberine as a new neuraminidase inhibitor drug: A systematic review
No full textInfluenza neuraminidase (NA) plays a main role in the viral replication of the influenza virus. It has been considered one of the targets for anti-influenza drugs. Anti-influenza drugs such as zanamivir, oseltamivir, and peramivir can fight the virus via the inhibition of NA. However, due to adverse reactions, the resistance of the viral strains and sudden changes in NA inhibitors, the identification of novel inhibitors is needed. Nature products such as berberine have been reported against influenza. In this systematic review, we have focused on the anti-influenza effects of berberine and its main role in the inhibition of NA of the virus. For this aim, “Berberine” was searched with “Influenza” or “flu” or “common cold” or “neuraminidase” in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to April 2023. Studies have demonstrated that berberine and its derivatives have a wide range of biological effects such as antiviral effects against viruses like herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, and influenza A virus. The present study indicates that berberine and some of its derivatives are able to inhibit the influenza virus through NA blockade. Berberine is able to superimpose into the allosteric binding site and shows reversible noncompetitive behavior in the ligand-receptor interaction for the inhibition of NA
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Distraction in Reduction of Pain and Anxiety of Pediatric Dental Patients in an Iranian Population: A Split‐Mouth Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial
No full textBackground and Objectives. Dental fear and anxiety are common causes of dental care avoidance especially in pediatric dentistry. Distraction is among the safest and cheapest techniques for behavioral guidance in children. Virtual reality (VR) can be used as a means of distraction. This study aimed to assess the effect of distraction by VR on the levels of pain and anxiety in 6-8-year-old patients requiring mandibular primary molar pulpotomy. Materials and Methods. This crossover clinical trial was conducted with eligible 6-8-year-old children requiring bilateral mandibular molar pulpotomy. At the first treatment visit, pulpotomy was performed for 15 children using VR glasses distraction while the other 15 children received a pulpotomy without any VR glasses; this trend was reversed at the second session and pulpotomy was performed for the contralateral tooth. Pulse rate (PR) and Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) measured the anxiety levels. Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFP) assessed the pain perception before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25 using the Mann-Whitney and χ2 tests. Results. The mean PR was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the test group showed significantly lower scores of MCDAS (P value = 0.02) and WBFP (P value = 0.001) compared with the control group. Conclusion. The present results suggest that VR headsets can decrease the level of pain and anxiety of patients during primary mandibular pulpotomy. This trial is registered with IRCT20200315046782N1
Application of systemic inflammation score for the assessment of contrast-induced acute kidney injury; a review
No full textContrast-related acute renal failure is a multifactorial condition that involves oxidative stress, inflammation, and direct tubular toxicity. Risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy comprise pre-existing kidney dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, congestive heart failure, hypotension, anemia, and volume depletion. Preventive measures include identifying high-risk patients and implementing preventive measures such as adequate hydration, minimizing contrast use, and avoiding using contrast media in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction. The systemic inflammation score is a promising tool for predicting contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) in patients undergoing contrast-enhanced imaging procedures. Further studies are needed to validate the use of SIS in clinical practice and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of inflammation in (CA-AKI)
The Analgesic Effect of Ginger on Postoperative Pain: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
No full textIntroduction and Aim: Pain is a common problem that can negatively affect patients' daily life and impair the quality of life of patients. This systematic review evaluates ginger's analgesic effects and underlying mechanisms in postoperative pain. Methods: An extensive search was undertaken in various databases, including Cochrane Library, Pub-Med, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. After considering the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 records were retrieved. The raw data were extracted and entered into an Excel form, and the study outcomes were analyzed. A PRISMA 2020 flow diagram illustrates the direct search approach used for this systematic review. Results: The reviewed studies mainly examined ginger's analgesic effects and other chemical analgesics, such as ibuprofen. Ginger and its bioactive compounds, such as gingerols and shogaols, can reduce postoperative pain by relieving nociceptive, mechanical, and neuropathic pain inflammatory pain by activating the various descendent inhibitory pathways of pain. Ginger induces its postoperative analgesic effects by involving and changing thinly myelinated A-delta, unmyelinated C-fibers, and myelinated A-beta-fibers, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and inhibiting inflammatory process and oxidant activities. Conclusion: Ginger is emerging as promising analgesic effects through various nociceptive pathways on postoperative pain in patients. Additional rigorous clinical trials are warranted to investigate these results further
The association between sleep consolidation and growth and development in early childhood: A systematic review
No full textBackground: Achieving sleep consolidation, during the first years of life can be a key factor affecting child growth and development. To our knowledge, for the first time, we aimed to systematically assess the relationships between sleep consolidation and growth and development in early childhood. Methods: Following the latest version of PRISMA, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to February 2023. We included observational studies in which 0-3-year-old children were enrolled and the association between sleep consolidation and either children’s growth or development were assessed. The quality assessment was done using the NIH quality assessment tool. Results: Out of the 342 studies initially screened, 18 studies met the eligibility criteria, encompassing a total of 10 068 infants and toddlers under 3 years of age. Overall, not in all but in some studies sleep consolidation showed a significant association with better cognitive, social-emotional and language outcomes. However, the relationship between sleep consolidation and motor development was less clear, with no significant associations observed across the studies. Additionally, no significant connections were found between sleep consolidation and physical growth indices, such as body mass index (BMI) or weight gain. Conclusion: According to the existing evidence, at least, the potential associations between sleep consolidation and child development particularly cognitive, social-emotional, and language cannot be ruled out. However, due to the heterogenicity of results and inconsistent findings in some studies, we cannot still strongly declare that sleep consolidation is a remarkable predictor for child growth and development
The effect of self-regulatory program based on Leventhal’s model on the illness perception and resilience of people with multiple sclerosis
No full textBACKGROUNDS:The study at hand seeks to examine the influence of a self-regulation program rooted in Leventhal's model on the illness perception and resilience of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). By exploring the impact of Leventhal's model-based interventions, healthcare professionals can enhance their ability to effectively address the challenges associated with this disease. In addition, this research endeavor can serve as a valuable resource for the development of nursing knowledge in the realm of MS patient care.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study was a semiexperimental two-group study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with RRMS-type MS in Shahrekord city. Ninety patients were initially selected through convenience sampling and then randomly allocated into intervention and control groups (each with 45 participants) using the Random Allocation software. Before the intervention program was provided, the patients' perception of the disease and their resilience were assessed using the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), respectively.
RESULTS:The intervention group had a mean age of 34.78 4.27 years, whereas the control group had a mean age of 34.51 +/- 4.43 years. After the Leventhal self-regulatory model, a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean scores of illness perception and the mean score of resilience between the intervention and control groups, both immediately and two months later, implying that the intervention group had a higher score in illness perception and the mean score of resilience (P value < 0.001).
CONCLUSION:Our study indicated that the Leventhal self-regulatory model had a significant positive effect on improving both illness perception and resilience in individuals with MS. Therefore, enhancing these factors among MS patients can have a tremendously positive impact on their psychological health, quality of life, and treatment adherence
The Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Fisetin on Hepatotoxicity, Liver Injury, and Liver Fibrosis: A Systematic Review
No full textBackground Liver disease is a common cause of death worldwide.
Objectives This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Fisetin on hepatotoxicity, liver injury, and liver fibrosis.
Methods We adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines in this systematic review. Our search used MeSH keywords encompassed Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for articles published before March 2, 2024. Relevant data was extracted from the publications, meticulously recorded in a standard form, and subsequently reviewed for outcomes and mechanisms.
Results Fisetin protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals (O-2(-) and H2O2), reduces oxidative stress, prevents lipid peroxidation, and increases endogenous antioxidants. It also reduces inflammation via lowering the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins (IL)1 alpha, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1 beta suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition, reducing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Moreover, it inhibited apoptosis-modulated enzyme activity and detoxification enzymes via modulating the activity of cytochrome P450 and Phase II detoxification enzymes. Fisetin prevented fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), attenuating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling-associated genes, and suppressing transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway and attenuating collagen production. It decreased lipid accumulation and liver function tests.
Conclusion In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that Fisetin can enhance detoxification, attenuate liver injury, and reduce fibrosis, which helps maintain liver health
Correction: Factors associated with reluctancy to acquire COVID-19 vaccination: A cross-sectional study in Shiraz, Iran, 2022
No full textThe Outcomes of Distraction Osteogenesis over an Intramedullary Nail for the Treatment of Bone Defects in Infectious Nonunions
No full textObjectives: The concurrent utilization of an external fixator and intramedullary nail (IMN) for segment transportation may potentially decrease the duration of external fixator implementation and reduce associated complications. This study aimed to report the outcomes of bone transport utilizing a combination of IMN and Ilizarov frame in a cohort of individuals who had tibia or femur critical-sized bone deficiency resulting from nonunion. Methods: The present research used a single-arm clinical trial design to enroll a series of patients presenting with critical-sized bone defects resulting from infectious nonunion of the tibia or femur. The study was conducted during the period of 2017-2020 in a referral Orthopedic Surgery Center located in Tehran, Iran. The management of patients with infectious nonunion was carried out through two main stages, including infection eradication and bone transportation. The process of bone healing and segment transportation was evaluated by radiographic assessment throughout the follow-up period. Results: A total of 39 patients with bone defects in the tibia (19 cases) or femur (20 cases) with a mean age of 31.44 (+/- 11.95, range=18-60) were included in this study. Twenty-nine (74.3%) patients had open fractures. The bone defect exhibited an average size of 6.31 +/- 1.95 cm. The mean of the consolidation index (CI) was 0.97 (range=0.51-1.32) mo/cm, and the mean of the external fixator index was 0.67 (range=0.41-1.10). Although the CI was longer in patients with open fracture compared to those with closed fracture, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.353). After the end of the two-year follow-up, complete union was observed in 35 patients (89.7%). Conclusion: Intercalary segmental bone transportation using the Ilizarov technique over an IMN, as well as preserving the advantages of the conventional callotasis method, reduces the complications of long-term use of the Ilizarov frame and increases patient adherence to treatment