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An Optimisation Framework for Planning Drought Management Measures
No full textAbstract:
Projections indicate that drought frequency, severity, and duration will increase globally in the twenty first century, impacting nearly all societal and environmental dimensions. Therefore, transitioning to drought-resilient societies and ecosystems is urgent. Implementing Preventive Drought Management Measures (PDMMs) is a suitable strategy to mitigate the potential negative impacts of droughts and to respond to droughts more effectively. This dissertation aimed at developing an optimisation framework to identify near-optimal allocation of PDMMs based on a comprehensive understanding of the drivers and characteristics of droughts. The study first assesses the non-linear relationship between climate, basin hydrological processes, and drought severity to determine what causes droughts and identify drought-prone areas at a basin scale. Subsequently, potential interventions suitable for drought management are identified through a review of existing research on strategic drought management, with a specific emphasis on PDMMs. The PDMMs analysis is further advanced using an optimisation approach to create numerous drought management scenarios with multiple PDMMs combinations. The most relevant scenarios are selected, and their impacts on the severity of agricultural and hydrological droughts are evaluated
Innovative Approximation Methods in QCD and Flavor Physics = Métodos innovadores de aproximación en Cromodinámica Cuántica y en la mezcla de familias de quarks
No full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the application of Padé and D-Log Padé approximants in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), focusing on their potential to model divergent functions while maintaining essential analytical properties. We propose a new convergence conjecture for D-Log Padé approximants in the case of Stieltjes functions and perform a comparative analysis of both techniques across several QCD-related scenarios. These include determining the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, parameterising form factors in B-meson decays, and studying the pion form factor. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of these approximants in reducing uncertainties and improving parameterisations of expressions with poles or branch cuts.
Resumen:
Esta tesis explora la aplicación de los aproximantes de Padé y D-Log Padé en la Cromodinámica Cuántica (QCD), enfocándose en su potencial para modelar funciones divergentes mientras se mantienen las propiedades analíticas esenciales. Proponemos una nueva conjetura de convergencia para los aproximantes D-Log Padé en el caso de funciones de Stieltjes y realizamos un análisis comparativo de ambas técnicas en varios escenarios relacionados con la QCD. Estos incluyen la determinación del momento magnético anómalo del muón, la parametrización de los factores de forma en los decaimientos de mesones B y el estudio del factor de forma del pión. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran la efectividad de estos aproximantes para reducir las incertidumbres y mejorar las parametrizaciones de expresiones con polos o cortes de rama
The unexpected results of the peace referendum changed conflict termination preferences in Colombia = Los resultados inesperados del plebiscito para la paz cambiaron las preferencias sobre la terminación del conflicto en Colombia
No full textAbstract:
In October 2016, the Colombian electorate narrowly rejected in a plebiscite the final agreement to end the conflict with the longest-running armed insurgency in the Western Hemisphere, the FARC. The plebiscite’s result provides a unique opportunity to assess dynamics in civil conflict termination preferences. I exploit the unexpected victory of the No vote, observed during the Americas Barometer fieldwork, to estimate the effect of the uncertainty about the trajectory of the conflict generated by the outcome of the plebiscite. The unexpected defeat of the peace plebiscite did not measurably change the expressed support for the recently rejected agreement. However, it increased the public support for a negotiated rather than military settlement to the conflict, as well as respondents’ willingness to give concessions to FARC members. These findings inform the broader literature on civilian preferences toward civil conflict termination and compromise
Building Stories in Museum Exhibitions: Curatorial Power, Anthropology, and Representations of Latin America Artisans and Indigenous Peoples
No full textIn the context of two internship projects, one at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) in the United States and the other at the Museo Universitario Universidad de Antioquia (MUUA) in Colombia, this article contrasts how artisans and indigenous communities of Latin America are represented in exhibitions. I build on the Study Up and Critical Museum Studies perspective to analyze the colonial roots of museums in both countries and how they are perpetuated or confronted through current exhibition-making. By methodologically collecting ethnographic and archival records, this essay questions the exercise of curatorial power and the role of anthropology, the anthropologist, and subaltern group
Forging Future Stars: Psychological Profiles of 1000 Players in Latino America’s Elite Football Academies = Forjando futuras estrellas: perfiles psicológicos de 1000 jugadores en las canteras de fútbol de élite de América Latina
No full textAntecedentes: Este estudio investiga la correlación entre las Características Psicológicas del Desarrollo de la Excelencia (PCDEs) y la competitividad entre futbolistas latinoamericanos de 13 a 20 años, y las expectativas de sus entrenadores sobre su desempeño futuro (potencial). El estudio compara estos hallazgos con los de academias de fútbol inglesas para entender la influencia de las diferencias culturales y estructurales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 1,049 jugadores masculinos de academias profesionales de fútbol en toda América Latina, excluyendo Brasil. Los participantes completaron los cuestionarios PCDEQ2 y Competitiveness-10. Los entrenadores evaluaron el potencial de los jugadores utilizando una escala Likert de cinco puntos. Se emplearon análisis estadísticos, incluyendo correlaciones de Pearson y ANOVA, para explorar las relaciones entre las características psicológicas y el potencial percibido. Resultados: El análisis reveló correlaciones significativas pero débiles entre el potencial y rasgos psicológicos como el afrontamiento activo (r = 0.19), la competitividad (r = 0.14) y el control y manejo autodirigido (r = 0.12). La respuesta adversa al fracaso mostró una ligera correlación negativa con el potencial (r = -0.12). Conclusiones: Las correlaciones débiles sugieren que el impacto de las características psicológicas en el potencial del jugador puede estar diluido por factores socioeconómicos y desafíos estructurales en América Latina. Mejorar los sistemas de apoyo y adaptar modelos exitosos de regiones con mejores infraestructuras podría mejorar el desarrollo del talento y ayudar a los jóvenes atletas a alcanzar su máximo potencial.
Background: This study investigates the correlation between Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence (PCDEs) and competitiveness among Latin American football players aged 13 20 and their coaches' expectations of future performance (potential). The study compares these findings with those from English football academies to understand the influence of cultural and structural differences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,049 male players from professional football academies across Latin America, excluding Brazil. Participants completed the PCDEQ2 and Competitiveness-10 questionnaires. Coaches assessed players' potential using a five point Likert scale. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlations and ANOVA, were used to explore relationships between psychological traits and perceived potential. Results: The analysis revealed significant but weak correlations between potential and psychological traits such as active coping (r = 0.19), competitiveness (r = 0.14), and self-directed control and management (r = 0.12). Adverse response to failure showed a slight negative correlation with potential (r = -0.12). Conclusions: The weak correlations suggest that the impact of psychological traits on player potential may be diluted by socioeconomic and structural challenges factors in Latin America. Enhancing support systems and adapting successful models from regions with better infrastructures could improve talent development and help young athletes reach their full potential
Evaluation of a socially oriented intermediary organisation that supports low-to-middle-income communities in developing energy communities in South Africa and Colombia
No full textEnergy communities are groups of citizens that actively participate in the electricity sector, usually with community-owned renewable energy generation. These models have been widely studied and implemented in developed economies. Experts conclude that they have the potential to promote just energy transitions by democratising energy production and enabling communities to benefit. However, these models have fewer studies and implementations in developing countries. In these contexts, deploying energy communities as a vehicle of energy justice will require understanding the barriers that low-to-middle-income communities face to develop them. More importantly, it becomes necessary to define the role of intermediary organisations that will provide support and channel resources to implement energy communities. This work proposes the role that intermediary organisations should play in supporting the development of energy communities. The conceptual framework is based on available literature on energy communities. Academic papers and practical guidelines were used to synthesise the key dimensions, steps, and challenges that energy communities face. Furthermore, literature on intermediaries in transitions was used to inform the evaluation of the potential organisation that supports energy communities. The barriers to developing energy communities were identified by analysing three case real studies of energy communities in South Africa and Colombia and conducting 20 semi-structured interviews with experts in all dimensions of energy community models based in South Africa, Europe, Colombia, and Ecuador. This work concludes that intermediary organisations in these contexts must provide multi-faceted support across social, legal, technical, and financial dimensions to support communities. Furthermore, given the identified barriers in both countries, the proposed intermediary organisation could act in Colombia and South Africa. Finally, the social business model canvas evaluating the characteristics of this type of organisation is presented. The organisation’s primary goal is to provide professional guidance to communities in developing shared energy solutions while ensuring efficient and transparent operations
Injury Risk Predictions in Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) Extravehicular Activities (EVAs): A Pilot Study
No full textAbstract:
Extravehicular activities will play a crucial role in lunar exploration on upcoming Artemis missions and may involve astronauts operating a lunar terrain vehicle (LTV) in a standing posture. This study assessed kinematic response and injury risks using an active muscle human body model (HBM) restrained in an upright posture on the LTV by simulating dynamic acceleration pulses related to lunar surface irregularities. Linear accelerations and rotational displacements of 5 lunar obstacles (3 craters; 2 rocks) over 5 slope inclinations were applied across 25 simulations. All body injury metrics were below NASA’s injury tolerance limits, but compressive forces were highest in the lumbar (250–550N lumbar, tolerance: 5300N) and lower extremity (190–700N tibia, tolerance: 1350N) regions. There was a strong association between the magnitudes of body injury metrics and LTV resultant linear acceleration (?=0.70–0.81). There was substantial upper body motion, with maximum forward excursion reaching 375 mm for the head and 260 mm for the chest. Our findings suggest driving a lunar rover in an upright posture for these scenarios is a low severity impact presenting low body injury risks. Injury metrics increased along the load path, from the lower body (highest metrics) to the upper body (lowest metrics). While upper body injury metrics were low, increased body motion could potentially pose a risk of injury from fail and occupant interaction with the surrounding vehicle, suit, and restraint hardware
Enhancing sentiment analysis in market research: A Large Language Model perspective = Mejora del análisis del sentimiento en los estudios de mercado desde una perspectiva de modelos de lenguaje de gran tamaño
No full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates whether large language models enhance sentiment analysis effectiveness in market research compared to traditional methods. Challenges include data quality, model complexity, interpretability, and computational resources. Using an Amazon dataset, the study preprocesses data, selects features and runs five sentiment analysis algorithms: Random Forest, XGBoost, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), RoBERTa and BERTweet. Finally, it compares their performance with metrics such as recall or F1-Score to assess market research effectivenes
Ecology and management of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei): the potential of biological control
No full textAbstract:
Coffee is an important commodity in Latin America that is grown by smallholder farmers and large scale coffee producers. The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a major pest of coffee that originates from West Africa and has invaded all coffee-producing regions. With climate change, the problems that this beetle poses to coffee production are expected to increase. Controlling this pest is a true challenge and chemical insecticides still are one of the main tools used, despite the environmental and human-health issues associated with this approach. To find sustainable alternatives for chemical control of the coffee berry borer, classical biological control, augmentative biological control, and integrated pest management have received extensive attention. Parasitoids, predators, entomopathogenic fungi, and nematodes have been identified and studied for their potential to manage the infestations of this major coffee pest. Conservation biological control has recently gained more attention, but its development is still in its infancy. In this review, we examine strategies for the control of the coffee berry borer in Latin America. We identify knowledge gaps for developing sustainable biological control programs, including conservation biological control within the context of farming systems, land use in the surrounding landscape, as well as the vision of coffee growers
From Global to Local: Tailoring International Green Hydrogen Supply Models for Sustainable Mobility = De lo global a lo local: Adaptación de los modelos internacionales de suministro de hidrógeno verde para la movilidad sostenible
No full textAbstract:
Hydrogen is one of the most promising decarbonization technologies for the transportation sector since it only emits water vapor when produced with electrolysis. However, different aspects present a challenge for its implementation and there are currently limitations regarding hydrogen as an economy of scale. This paper analyzes the key factors for successful implementation of green hydrogen supply chains with road transportation as an end user application. In order to do so, a comprehensive literature review along with semi-structured stakeholders interviews were performed to gather real-life data of the hydrogen economy. Most of the bottlenecks for the implementation of green hydrogen are in CAPEX/OPEX costs or infrastructure, something that can be addressed by effective policy-making and a resilient supply chain design. Equally important, certain elements regarding innovation, partnerships, tailoring powertrain needs and diversification of business modes were found to be fundamental in success.
Resumen:
El hidrógeno es una de las tecnologías de descarbonización más prometedoras para el sector del transporte, ya que solo emite vapor de agua cuando se produce mediante electrólisis. Sin embargo, diferentes aspectos presentan un desafío para su implementación y actualmente existen limitaciones respecto al hidrógeno como economía de escala. Este artículo analiza los factores clave para la implementación exitosa de cadenas de suministro de hidrógeno verde con el transporte por carretera como aplicación de usuario final. Para ello, se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura junto con entrevistas semiestructuradas a las partes interesadas para recopilar datos de la vida real de la economía del hidrógeno. La mayoría de los obstáculos para la implementación del hidrógeno verde están en los costos de CAPEX/OPEX o en la infraestructura, algo que puede abordarse mediante una formulación de políticas efectiva y un diseño de cadena de suministro resiliente. De igual importancia, se consideró que ciertos elementos relacionados con la innovación, las asociaciones, la adaptación de las necesidades del sistema de propulsión y la diversificación de los modos de negocio eran fundamentales para el éxito