Kettering University

Crowdsourcing has been used in different domains such as healthcare, computer science, environmental sciences, business and marketing. However, only recently, queueing models useful in the context of crowdsourcing have been studied. These studies involve queueing models of the type M/M/c, MAP/PH/1, and MAP/PH/c. In this paper we introduce vacation and working vacation in the context of MAP/PH/1 with crowdsourcing and highlight the qualitative aspects of the model through illustrative examples

Chakravarthy, Srinivas R.

Ozkar, Serife

English

MAP/PH/1 queueing model with working vacation and crowdsourcing

Self-controlled temperature nanoparticles as a form of hyperthermia treatment to fight against cancer

Allyn, Megan

Kharel, Parashu R.

Vaishnava, Prem

Tackett, Ronald

Kettering University
Digital Commons @ Kettering University
Physics Presentations And Conference Materials Physics
3-2016
The investigation of smart magnetic nanoparticles
for use in the hyperthermia treatment of cancer
Megan Allyn
Kettering University
Parashu R. Kharel
South Dakota State University
Prem Vaishnava
Kettering University
Ronald Tackett
Kettering University
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Recommended Citation
Allyn, Megan; Kharel, Parashu R.; Vaishnava, Prem; and Tackett, Ronald, "The investigation of smart magnetic nanoparticles for use in
the hyperthermia treatment of cancer" (2016). Physics Presentations And Conference Materials. 8.
https://digitalcommons.kettering.edu/physics_conference/8
The Investigation of Smart Magnetic Nanoparticles 
for Use in the Hyperthermia Treatment of Cancer
Megan  Allyn1, Parashu Kharel2, Prem P Vaishnava3, Ronald J Tackett3
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504
2Department of Physics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
3Department of Physics, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504
Diamagnetism
𝑴
𝑯
𝜒 =
𝑀
𝐻
~ − 10−5
Paramagnetism
𝑴
𝑯
𝜒 = ~10−2 − 10−5
Ferro(Antiferro-)magnetism
Ferro Antiferro
a
O
M M
𝜒 = ~ 50 − 104
To understand magnetic nanoparticles, we must first understand some
basics of magnetism in general.
Pieces of magnetic materials whose
dimensions are smaller than a typical
domain size (~100 nm) will be “single
domain”
Magnetic Nanoparticle
In ferromagnetic materials energy considerations favor the formation of
domains and domain dynamics governs their behavior.
The behavior of magnetic nanoparticles is governed not by domain
dynamics but by thermally activated moment reversal.
This behavior is known as 
SUPERPARAMAGNETISM
Thermally activated 
moment reversal 
𝑇𝐵
bifurcation point
Magnetic Hyperthermia works through the reversal of magnetization that occurs inside 
the nanoparticles when exposed to RF magnetic field. 
Self-temperature controlled nanoparticles allow constant magnetic field 
application without fear of over heating.  
Synthesis of La1-xSrxMnO3 was performed via a standard sol-gel method. 
La(NO3)3·6H2O
Mn(NO3)2·4H2O
Sr(NO3)2
Citric Acid
Ethylene Glycol
Heating and Stirring
400 ˚C 700 ˚C
Structural characterization of the nanoparticles was performed using powder 
x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.
20 30 40 50 60 70
 Iobs
 Icalc
 BraggTick
I 
(a
rb
. 
u
n
it
s)
2 ()
La
0.75
Sr
0.25
MnO
3
S.G. R3c
a = b = 5.486(6) Å
c = 13.427(4) Å
a =  = 90
 = 120
TEM analysis was used to determine size distribution of nanoparticles 
𝐷𝑆 (nm) 𝐷𝐿 (nm) 𝐶𝐶
𝑥 = 0.10 43 ± 10 60 ± 17 1.4 ± 0.37
𝑥 = 0.15 19 ± 4 25 ± 7 1.3 ± 0.55
𝑥 = 0.25 26 ± 5 39 ± 11 1.5 ± 0.43
𝐶𝐶 =
𝐷𝐿
𝐷𝑆
Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization measurements on these 
samples show a standard superparamagnetic signature.
The Curie temperature for each sample can be determined by plotting the 
inverse of the field-cooled magnetization versus temperature.
-200 -100 0 100
 x = 0.10
 x = 0.15
 x = 0.25

 
M
F
C
 (
n
o
rm
al
iz
ed
)
T (C)
10 15 20 25
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
T
C
 (
C
)
x
Future research includes application of principles learned from experimental 
data, increased biocompatibility of nanoparticles, and hyperthermia testing.
𝑆𝐴𝑅 =
Power Absorbed 𝑃
Mass of Nanoparticles 𝑚𝑁𝑃
𝑃 =
𝑄
∆𝑡
=
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑∆𝑇
∆𝑡
𝑆𝐴𝑅 =
𝑀𝑠
𝑚𝑁𝑃
𝑐𝑓
∆𝑇
∆𝑡
The investigation of self-controlled temperature nanoparticles as a form of 
hyperthermia treatment could open new doors in the fight against cancer. 
image credit:  www.intechopen.com
image credit:  www.lemmo.com


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MAP/PH/1 queueing model with working vacation and crowdsourcing

The investigation of smart magnetic nanoparticles for use in the hyperthermia treatment of cancer

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