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Impacts of urban expansion on near-surface air temperature and surface energy balance: WRF mesoscale modelling analysis for Madrid from 1970 to 2020
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.The aim of this study is to examine the consequences of Madrid's urban growth on the near-surface air temperature and on the Surface Energy Balance (SEB). We conduct a modelling study using WRF-ARW mesoscale model with the multilayer urban parameterization BEP-BEM, in which the land use and the land cover have been modified according to urban expansion in Madrid and its surroundings from 1970 to 2020. Two scenarios of common meteorological conditions of special interest are selected for this study: a period of intense heatwave in summer season and a short period of strongly stable atmospheric conditions in winter, both in 2020. Results show that in areas where the urban fraction become greater an increase in near-surface air temperature is found for both simulated periods, especially during the night, pointing out that the cooling rate decreases in urban areas. The growing of urban land cover over time also modifies the SEB and turbulent transport in Madrid and surroundings, leading to an increase in temperatures, mainly during nighttime
Unraveling the sources of moisture for precipitation in atmospheric rivers
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are bands of enhanced moisture in the atmosphere which transport large volumes of water vapor, and they are mainly located in subtropical and mid-latitude oceanic areas. When they make landfall, the huge amounts of water vapor they carry are forced upwards and, as a consequence, intense or even heavy precipitation may occur, potentially leading to floods and damage. The scientific community is particularly interested in the origin of the moisture in them, with ongoing debates about whether tropical or extratropical regions contribute more significantly. To fill this gap, we use a Lagrangian moisture tracking technique validated using the WRF model with water vapor tracers (WRF-WVTs) to compute moisture sources for precipitation in selected AR cases. Preliminary results show diverse sources, including oceanic and continental regions, with notable variability across events. Unexpectedly, tropical moisture appears less significant than previously thought, although its role remains crucial in the early stages of AR formation
Historical evolution of meteorology and its contribution to aerospace research
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.The mentioned article was published by the authors in the Spanish Journal on Aeronautical and Space law in September 2022. The article describes a brief historical summary of meteorology, its scientific and experimental development in the last hundred years, its applications, especially to aviation and, lately, to aerospace research with mention of the planet Mars and its atmosphere
Assessment of climate impact on wind resources in the iberian peninsula
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.The wind resource in the Iberian Peninsula has been analyzed by means of wind climate projections. For this purpose, the SSP5-8.5 scenario of the MRI-ESM2.0 global numerical climate model has been selected. The wind speed and direction variables are seasonally grouped, and, from them, both the electric power production and the wind power intensity have been estimated along the time record, considering two periods: the historical (1950 - 2014) and the future (2015-2100). The latest generation Siemens-Gamesa SG 7.0-170 wind turbine has been used as a reference in the evolution of the electrical power. Among others, the winter results show a future higher electrical production with respect to the selected historical period in almost all the Iberian Peninsula, although there is a decreasing trend in production throughout the century. The rest of the seasonal results indicate a generalized drop in electrical energy due to a decrease in the wind resource throughout the Peninsula throughout the century, especially in autumn
Impact of solar variability on low latitude atmospheric circulation
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.Ocean/atmosphere coupling and solar activity variations have an impact on the vertical thermal structure in tropical and subtropical areas, a fact that can potentially generate changes in atmospheric circulations that impact the radiative balance in those latitudes. Based on previous research (Possible modulation of anticyclonic circulations by variations in solar activity, XXXV Jornadas Científicas de la AME, 2018) and progress since then in the knowledge of the influence of the sun on the atmospheric circulation at low latitudes, we verify and update the hypotheses by contrasting them with new data from the current solar cycle
Experience in snowpack observation techniques and future lines of investigation
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.This work presents the findings and insights gained from decades of research on snowfall and its accumulation in
mountainous regions. It focuses on the Iberian Peninsula’s Central System, a crucial region for water resource
management where the impacts of Climate Change are expected to significantly reduce snowfall in the coming
decades. Various methods of observation, including manual, automatic and satellite measurements, are discussed.
Despite the limitations of these measurements, they have proven crucial in shedding light on the dynamics of snow.
A promising new observational method is introduced and results of a test methodology in a polar region are
shown. This method is expected to enhance the spatial and temporal representation of data, contributing
significantly to future research in this field. Based on these previous experiences of manual and automatic
monitoring, new integrating methods are expected to be developed in the future
The added value of offshore wind energy in the iberian peninsula: temporal variability and spatial complementary
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.This communication explores the potential of offshore wind energy in the Iberian Peninsula. The temporal variability and spatial complementarity of potential sites for offshore wind farms is analysed using high-resolution reanalysis data (COSMO-REA6). It is found that northern coastal areas have high capacity factors and high seasonality, while western and southern coastal areas have lower capacity factors but limited seasonality. The pairwise correlation between potential areas is remarkable, with several negative correlation values within a synoptic-scale region, in contrast to other mid-latitude regions such as the North Sea or the US East Coast. An optimal combination of areas, including at least one area on each of the four main Iberian coasts, could reduce the hourly variability by about 40% and seasonality of the offshore contribution. Thus, offshore wind energy can offer added value to the Iberian electricity system beyond the high amount of resource, reducing the need for storage or back-up plants
The September 2023 cut-off low in Spain: predictability, development of a MCS and effects
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.Between September 2 and 4, 2023, a cut-off low affected the Iberian Peninsula. The cut-off low triggered several
mesoscale convective systems (MSC), one of them having notable dimensions and great activity. This MSC
produced very intense and persistent rainfall in the central zone of the Iberian Peninsula, especially in the
Community of Madrid and in the province of Toledo, where torrential rains are not frequent. In this article we
analyze the cut-off low from the predictability point of view, the generation and life cycle of the MCS that affected
the central peninsular area on day 3, and the consequences it gave rise to
How do the vertical structure and surface heterogeneity impact the development and characteristics of the coastal and mountainous breezes? The WINDABL project
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.Some modelling experiments have shown how the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer is a key
factor that controls the breeze characteristics at the surface. This issue motivated the development of the
WINDABL project* to further investigate this finding through an observational and modelling strategy. We present
the methodology carried out for the observational part of the project, which consisted of the installation of
meteorological (and surface energy balance) stations at strategic locations for the long-term monitoring of breezes
and the launching of atmospheric soundings during intensive observation periods characterised by breeze
conditions. This strategy was developed both at a coastal (Gulf of Cádiz) and a mountainous (Pyrenees) area. We
also present some first results obtained from the analysis of the data of the different towers and from 26 radio
soundings launched during 8 different breeze events that allow to highlight the breezes characteristics during
contrasting background winds and different ABL thermodynamic vertical structure at both locations
Changes in atmospheric circulations around the iberian peninsula in the context of climate change: some notes
No full textResumen de la ponencia presentada en: XXXVI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XXII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Cádiz y San Fernando del 13 al 15 de marzo de 2024.Although the trends in temperatures and precipitation around the Iberian Peninsula in the context of climate
change are generally known, the way in which the large-scale atmospheric circulations responsible for these
trends will evolve is less known. However, it is fundamental for the adequate planning of actions in multiple aspects
of economic and social life. Everything seems to indicate that these evolutions have already begun to manifest
themselves and in this communication some of the characteristics observed so far are pointed out. It also points
out which questions remain very open and on which a greater research effort would be necessary