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AERO-MAP: a data compilation and modeling approach to understand spatial variability in fine- and coarse-mode aerosol composition
Get PDFAerosol particles are an important part of the Earth climate system, and their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as being variable in size and composition. Particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, change the albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. High particulate matter concentrations at the surface represent an important public health hazard. There are substantial data sets describing aerosol particles in the literature or in public health databases, but they have not been compiled for easy use by the climate and air quality modeling community. Here, we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 surface observations, including measurements of aerosol composition, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations. Climate modelers are constantly looking for multiple independent lines of evidence to verify their models, and in situ surface concentration measurements, taken at the level of human settlement, present a valuable source of information about aerosols and their human impacts complementarily to the column averages or integrals often retrieved from satellites. We demonstrate a method for comparing the data sets to outputs from global climate models that are the basis for projections of future climate and large-scale aerosol transport patterns that influence local air quality. Annual trends and seasonal cycles are discussed briefly and are included in the compilation. Overall, most of the planet or even the land fraction does not have sufficient observations of surface concentrations – and, especially, particle composition – to characterize and understand the current distribution of particles. Climate models without ammonium nitrate aerosols omit ∼ 10 % of the globally averaged surface concentration of aerosol particles in both PM2.5 and PM10 size fractions, with up to 50 % of the surface concentrations not being included in some regions. In these regions, climate model aerosol forcing projections are likely to be incorrect as they do not include important trends in short-lived climate forcers
Evolución de la climatología urbana en México 1791-2024: islas de calor y balance de energía
Get PDFPonencia presentada en: XIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en San Lorenzo de El Escorial entre el 22 y el 24 de enero de 2025.[ES] Los primeros esbozos de estudios de la isla de calor urbana (ICU) en México datan de
1791, pero el desarrollo sistemático de la climatología urbana en el país tiene siete
décadas. La cuarta parte de las publicaciones de este periodo (alrededor de 350, sin
considerar las de calidad del aire), se refieren a la ICU. En un 70 % estas publicaciones
se ocupan de las islas dentro del dosel urbano o en la base de la capa límite superficial,
y solo un 30% sobre la isla de calor superficial (la isla de calor subsuperficial o
subterránea prácticamente no ha sido estudiada). Los primeros trabajos son
comparaciones de termómetros urbanos contra rurales, o rurales que devinieron en
urbanos por el crecimiento de las ciudades; después se empezaron a efectuar
recorridos con vehículos instrumentados, los cuales siguen siendo utilizados. Las
redes de estaciones meteorológicas han ido surgiendo por necesidades de prevención
de desastres o acopladas a la medición de la calidad del aire, pero son la forma más
común para el estudio de las islas de calor atmosféricas. Ya en este siglo, la
accesibilidad a las imágenes térmicas generadas por sensores remotos ha producido
un auge en el estudio de la isla de calor superficial. La evolución de estas técnicas, y
la calidad de su uso, serán analizadas críticamente en esta comunicación.[EN] The first outlines of studies of the urban heat island (UHI) in Mexico date back to
1790, but the systematic development of urban climate science in the country is seven
decades old. A quarter of the publications from this period (around 350, without
considering those on-air quality), refer to the urban heat island. 70% of these
publications deal with islands within the urban canopy or at the base of the surface
boundary layer, and only 30% on the surface heat island (the subsurface heat island
has practically not been studied). Initially, the studies were comparisons between
urban versus rural thermometers, or rural ones that became urban due to the growth
of cities. Later, tours began with instrumented vehicles, which continue to be used.
Networks of meteorological stations have emerged due to disaster prevention needs
or coupled with the measurement of air quality, but they are the most practical way to
study atmospheric heat islands. Already in this century, the accessibility of thermal
images generated by remote sensors has produced a boom in the study of the surface
UHI. The evolution of these techniques, and the quality of their use, will be critically
analyzed in this communication
Intensidad y extensión espacial de las olas de frío en la Península Ibérica: proyecciones climáticas para la segunda mitad de siglo (2050-2095)
Get PDFPonencia presentada en: XIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en San Lorenzo de El Escorial entre el 22 y el 24 de enero de 2025.[ES] En el contexto actual de calentamiento global las olas de frío han generado una menor
atención en la comunidad científica que las olas de calor, pese a sus considerables
impactos en la salud pública, en el consumo de energía, en la agricultura o en las
infraestructuras de transporte. Este estudio analiza los escenarios de vías de
concentración representativas (RCP) 4.5 y RCP 8.5 bajo simulaciones EUROCORDEX,
utilizando el índice biometeorológico Excess Cold Factor (ECF) para la
Península Ibérica y Baleares (PIB). El índice ECF considera la temperatura media
diaria para un promedio de tres días, así como para los últimos treinta días, teniendo
en cuenta, por lo tanto, la aclimatación de la población al frío. El estudio evalúa la
intensidad y la extensión espacial de las olas de frío (OF) para la segunda mitad del
siglo XXI (2050-2095) con respecto al periodo histórico (1971-2000). Los resultados
proyectan una disminución en ambas dimensiones. Se prevé un descenso del 16% en
la intensidad máxima de las OF, el cual será más pronunciado en la mitad norte
peninsular (< -50%). La extensión espacial media disminuirá entre un 0,7% y 3,2%
por década, lo que implicará una menor exposición. Sin embargo, el escenario RCP
8.5 registrará una mayor intensidad máxima que el RCP 4.5, confirmando que las OF
persistirán, incluso bajo un forzamiento radiativo elevado. En combinación con la
aclimatación de la población a temperaturas más altas, las OF seguirán siendo una
amenaza local importante.[EN] In the current context of global warming, cold waves have received less attention from
the scientific community than heat waves, despite their significant impacts on public
health, energy consumption, agriculture, and transportation infrastructure. This study
analyzes the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5
scenarios under EURO-CORDEX simulations, using the biometeorological index
Excess Cold Factor (ECF) for the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (IPB). The
ECF index considers the daily mean temperature over a three-day period, as well as the previous thirty days, thus accounting for population acclimatization to cold. The
study evaluates the intensity and spatial extent of cold waves (CW) for the second half
of the 21st century (2050-2095) compared to the historical period (1971-2000). The
results project a decrease in both dimensions. A 16% decrease is expected in the
maximum intensity of CW, being more pronounced in the northern half of the
peninsula (< -50%). The average spatial extent will decrease by 0.7% to 3.2% per
decade, implying lower exposure. However, the RCP 8.5 scenario will record higher
maximum intensity than RCP 4.5, confirming that CW will persist, even under a high
radiative forcing scenario. Combined with population acclimatization to higher
temperatures, CW will continue to pose a significant local threat.Alejandro Díaz Poso agradece su apoyo al programa FPU del Ministerio de Universidades [número de contrato FPU20 – 04454]
Apuntes de meteorología aeronáutica
No full textEstos apuntes se han elaborado como material de ayuda al estudio para el alumnado del curso integrado de piloto de la escuela militar de helicópteros del ejército del aire de España, que se ubica en la Base Aérea de Armilla en Granada. Por tanto, su contenido tiene una orientación eminentemente práctica y no pueden considerarse ni como material formativo para todo tipo de pilotos ni mucho menos como un manual de Meteorología Aeronáutica.
La materia está estructurada en dos bloques correspondientes a los dos trimestres de formación de los pilotos. El curso I, básico, está orientado al vuelo visual, asumiendo que para muchas personas es la primera vez que se enfrentan al estudio de temas relacionados
con la Meteorología, mientras que para otras, con una formación más orientada a las ciencias sociales, algunos conceptos básicos de ciencias naturales pueden haber quedado olvidados, por lo que éstos se recuerdan brevemente. El segundo, orientado al vuelo
instrumental, profundiza en los principales riesgos meteorológicos relacionados con el vuelo
Determining the impact of new particle formation events on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations
Get PDFAtmospheric aerosol particles act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and play a crucial role in the climate system and hydrological cycle. New particle formation (NPF) events are a significant source of CCN, though their global contribution to the CCN budget remains uncertain. We propose a novel method to estimate the direct contribution of NPF events to CCN concentrations, distinguishing between NPF-generated particles and background or transported aerosols. Previous methods estimated CCN concentration enhancements by comparing CCN concentration at different times periods (during or after NPF events with CCN concentrations prior to the events or with non-event days). Our method overcomes this limitation by focusing on the ceiling size that newly formed particles can reach, the timing of NPF events, and isolating the NPF mode from the overall aerosol size distribution. The method was developed using size-resolved CCN measurements at the Sierra Nevada Station (SNS) in southeastern Spain (2500 m a.s.l.). We demonstrate that the method is also applicable to polydisperse CCN measurements, showing consistency across both variants. Additionally, it has been applied to NPF events at the Izaña Observatory (IZO) in Tenerife (Canary Islands, 2367 m a.s.l.). Both SNS and IZO frequently experience NPF events, though their environmental and aerosol characteristics differ, providing insights into the advantages and limitations of the method. Comparison between the two sites reveals that the mean NPF contribution to CCN is 6.2 ± 4.8 % (IQR = 9 %) at SNS and 24 ± 25 % (IQR = 28 %) at IZO. The higher NPF contribution at IZO is attributed to the ability of newly formed particles to grow to larger sizes and the presence of fewer transported boundary layer particles acting as CCN. Both sites show significant variability in the NPF contribution percentage due to the distinct characteristics of each NPF event.This work was partially supported by NUCLEUS project PID2021-128757OB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR” and BioCloud project RTI2018.101154.A.I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER “ERDF A way of making Europe”. This work received support from the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through projects ACTRIS.IMP (grant agreement No 871115) and ATMO_ACCESS (grant agreement No 101008004), by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects ELPIS PID2020-120015RB-I00 MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and ACTRIS-España RED2022-134824-E and by University of Granada Plan Propio through Singular Laboratory (LS2022-1) program. The work was also partially funded through EU projects FOCI (101056783), FORCeS (821205), CERTAINTY (101137680) and by Research Council of Finland via Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center (ACCC) Flagship (337549,3570902, 359340) and by University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science via ACTRIS-HY. It was also funded by grants BIOD22_001 and BIOD22_002, funded by Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación and Gobierno de España and Unión Europea – NextGenerationEU
Resolución de 5 de febrero de 2025, de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, por la que se publica el Convenio con la Universidad de A Coruña, para la realización de prácticas académicas externas de estudiantes
Get PDFFiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON)
Get PDFThe COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network has become a reliable source of high-quality ground-based remote sensing network data that provide column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2), methane (XCH4), and carbon monoxide (XCO). The fiducial reference measurements of these gases from the COCCON complement the TCCON and NDACC-IRWG data. This study shows the application of COCCON data for the validation of existing greenhouse gas satellite products. This study includes the validation of XCH4 and XCO products from the European Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission, XCO2 products from the American Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission, and XCO2 and XCH4 products from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). A total of 27 datasets contributed to this study; some of these were collected in the framework of campaign activities and covered only a short time period. In addition, several permanent stations provided long-term observations. The random uncertainties in the validation results, specifically for S5P with a lot of coincidences pairs, are found to be similar to the comparison with the TCCON. The comparison results of OCO-2 land nadir and land glint observation modes to the COCCON on a global scale, despite limited coincidences, are very promising. The stations can, therefore, expand on the coverage of the already existing ground-based reference remote sensing sites from the TCCON and the NDACC network. The COCCON data can be used for future satellite and model validation studies and carbon cycle studies