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The Effects of Individual Differences in Symptomatology, Internalizing Behaviors, and Cognitive Ability on Social Functioning in Children and Adolescents Clinically Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
No full textINTRODUCTION: Research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often links ADHD to social problems, overlooking individual differences within subjects.
METHOD: This study examined the relationship between hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I) symptoms and social problems, exploring anxious/depressed symptoms as a mediator, cognitive abilities (Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient; FSIQ) as a moderator, and sex as a covariate. Secondary analysis was conducted on children aged 6–18 diagnosed with ADHD at the University of Michigan, using data from the Conners Parent Rating Scales, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and Child Behavior Checklist.
RESULTS: Results showed that anxious/depressed symptoms mediated the relationship between H/I symptoms and social problems, explaining 64% of the variance. Sex significantly influenced social problems but did not affect anxious/depressed symptoms. FSIQ moderated the H/I-social problems relationship at low and medium levels, where significant effects were observed. At high FSIQ levels, no significant effects were found, suggesting a potential buffering role of higher cognitive abilities. However, the overall moderation effect was non-significant, warranting cautious interpretation.
CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the role of emotional and cognitive factors in shaping social outcomes in ADHD. Future research should focus on specific cognitive domains to further elucidate their impact on ADHD-related social difficulties
Impact of Parkinson’s Medications on Gut Microbiome and Its Implications for Symptom Management and Disease Progression
No full textINTRODUCTION: Parkinson’s Disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and growing public health challenge. Recent advancement in research have explored the relationship between Parkinson’s Disease treatments and gut microbiota.
METHOD: This systematic review aimed to examine the impact of Parkinson’s Disease medications on the gut microbiome. A systematic literature search was performed in the Medline/Pubmed for studies that evaluate gut microbiome metabolizing medications in human. Of the 2074 articles assessed, 8 met the inclusion criteria and investigated the effects of Parkinson’s Disease treatments on the gut microbial composition.
CONCLUSION: Findings from this study highlighted that Parkinson’s Disease medications can significantly alter the gut microbiome, with potential implications for disease progression and treatment efficacy. As a result, further research needs to be implemented into therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiome to improve patient outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease management
Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and its Therapeutic Potential in Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection
No full textINTRODUCTION: Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile, a bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis that can be life threatening, is estimated to cause approximately half a million illnesses in the United States each year, which account for 29,300 deaths per year. The recurrence rate of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to increase with recurrent CDI (rCDI) occurring within eight weeks of a previous episode of CDI. Approximately 15% to 30% of patients who respond to antimicrobial therapy experience rCDI. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a procedure in which fecal matter from a healthy donor is transferred to a patient, helps restore gut microbiome balance and has shown positive results for treating rCDI. We aimed to assess whether FMT is more effective than other treatment options for CDI.
METHODS: A literature review was conducted using PubMed databases. Key search terms include “fecal microbiota transplantation” and “recurrent clostridium difficile”, applying filters to include studies from the last 10 years, randomized controlled trials, and free full text articles.
Inclusion Criteria: clinical outcomes, FMT, rCDI, English language, and human study
Exclusion Criteria: primary CDI, no medical use or no clinical use, and treatments that are not considered first-line agents for rCDI
Primary Endpoints: Combined Clinical Resolution & Negative CD Test at Week 8
Secondary Endpoints: (1) Clinical Resolution at Week 8 (2) Negative CD Test at Week 8
CONCLUSION: FMT has emerged as a highly effective, safe, and cost-effective treatment option for rCDI with a success rate around 90% as compared to the standard of care antibiotics.3 The 21 reviewed studies indicate that FMT leads to significantly lower recurrence rates compared to standard antibiotic therapy, likely due to its ability to restore gut microbiota composition and function, and also had better outcomes as compared to other treatment options. FMT can be administered via colonoscopy, oral capsules, nasojejunal tube, autologous transplantation, or donor-derived methods, all of which have shown benefits. While FMT holds significant therapeutic promise, further research is needed to refine protocols, assess long-term microbiome restoration, and develop standardized clinical guidelines. This research examined the therapeutic potential of FMT relative to first-line treatment options for rCDI. Further research is needed to determine FMT’s role in therapy compared to newer agents such as bezlotoxumab and Rebyota
An Analysis of Fast Radio Bursts
No full textFast radio bursts (FRBs) were recently discovered in 2007 and have been a mystery ever since. The purpose of this study is to analyze progenitor models of possible origin. Despite their large energies, these bursts appear only in the radio band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Out of the 33 measured FRBs, only one has been observed to repeat (FRB 121101). In this work the significance of important properties such as the dispersion measure, Faraday rotation, and magnetic fields is discussed. The most persuasive progenitor models including binary neutron star mergers, soft gamma ray repeaters (SGRs), Gamma ray bursts (GRBs), merging of white dwarfs, magnetar giant flares, and eruptions from flaring main sequence stars are utilized to analyze the possible origin of FRBs. The results from the above properties indicates that the bursts have an extra-galactic origin. We believe these models will lead us in the right direction to the discovery of the origins of FRBs
The Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (AIBV) from Broiler/Layer Chickens Demonstrates Evidence of Recombination with SomeField and Vaccine Strains of the AIBV
No full textThe major goal of this study was to monitor genetic changes in the viral genomes of some recent field isolates of the AIBV from broiler chickens. To achieve these goals, we tested several pools of tissue specimens (trachea and kidneys) from some suspected AIBV outbreaks in broiler chickens by quantitative real-time PCR (q-RT-PCR). We selected two samples, one from the trachea (IBV-4) and one from the kidney (AIBV-6), that showed the lowest Ct values in the q-RT-PCR for the next-generation sequencing (NGS). The full-length genomes of these two isolates were deposited in the GenBank (Accession Numbers: PQ468962 and PQ468963). The viral genome size of AIBV-4 and AIBV-6 was 27,475 and 27,469 nucleotides in length. IBV-4 has typical IBV genome organization (5’UTR, ORF1a, ORF1b, S, 3a, 3b, E, M, 4b, 5a, 5b, N, and 3’UTR), while IBV-6 lacks 5b. These two IBV isolates belong to genotype GI-1 based on the phylogenetic using the full-length, the S, and the N protein sequences. The S1/S2 cleavage sites show polybasic amino acid sequences (RR-F-RR) as direct evidence of the virulence of these isolates in chickens. The recombination analysis shows multiple recombination events of these isolates with some natural and vaccine strains. The potential major parent for both IBV-4 and IBV-6 was IBV Beaudette, and the potential minor parent was the AIBV Arkansas DPI. Vigilant monitoring of the AIBV sequences of the currently circulating strains in chickens is highly encouraged to develop novel vaccines and diagnostic assays that match the field-circulating strains. Keywords: AIBV, genome sequences, NGS, recombination, respiratory, nephropathogeni
Examining the role of religiosity in dissociation among individuals with complex posttraumatic stress disorder
No full textRecognized as a severe and pervasive disorder resulting from repeated, prolonged, and inescapable trauma, complex posttraumatic stress disorder (c-PTSD) is often characterized by fundamental alterations in consciousness and a loss of systems of meaning. This study sought to explore the mechanisms through which religiosity, as a system of meaning, might impact dissociation severity and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in those with c-PTSD. Participants included a non-clinical sample of 266 adults from a wide range of religious/spiritual backgrounds who endorsed some form of childhood maltreatment. Results demonstrated that c-PTSD severity significantly predicted greater dissociation severity, and was also positively associated with religiosity, though religiosity did not mediate the relationship between c-PTSD and dissociation. Results of moderated mediation analyses revealed a significant interaction between c-PTSD and meaning-making in predicting religiosity, though the direction of the effect did not align with the initial hypothesis. Exploratory analyses revealed that c-PTSD had a significant effect on PTG, indicating that higher levels of c-PTSD were associated with greater self-reported PTG. Neither religiosity nor dissociation emerged as significant mediators in this relationship. A bivariate correlation revealed a significant association between c-PTSD and dissociative amnesia, supporting the conceptual link between chronic trauma exposure and disruptions in memory and consciousness. The implications of these findings are discussed in greater detail
Interpersonal functioning in the offspring of trauma survivors: An investigation of the impact of parenting behaviors, attachment, and personality on facial emotion recognition
No full textParental post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been associated with various psychological and behavioral outcomes in their offspring. Utilizing a sample of (N=330) adult offspring of trauma-exposed parents, this study used self-report and behavioral measures to examine the relationship between parental PTSD symptom severity and adult participant’s romantic attachment insecurity, pathological personality traits, and facial emotion recognition (FER) accuracy for subtle emotional expressions. Additionally, it explored the role of maladaptive parenting behaviors on these associations. Results indicated that higher parental PTSD was associated with higher levels of parental care and an affectionate constraint parenting style. Additionally, parental PTSD was related to offspring attachment anxiety through high parental care, particularly when the less traumatized parent exhibited low care. Additionally, we found that all pathological personality traits were related to both attachment anxiety and avoidance. With regards to FER, we found that trait Antagonism was related to less accurate recognition of fear, anger, and neutral facial expressions. We also found that higher negative affectivity (NA) and lower disinhibition (DI) were related to increased accuracy in recognizing fear, with low parental control mediating the NA-Fear relationship. Results also indicated that offspring were more sensitive to fear and anger but had reduced accuracy in recognizing these emotions, likely due to heightened emotional vigilance. Additionally, greater parental PTSD was associated with reduced accuracy in recognizing happiness. This highlights the complex impact of parental trauma on offspring\u27s emotional processing. Limitations of the present study and future directions are also discussed
Sexual identity development in a culture of shame: The impact of non-affirming religious upbringing and internalized homophobia on sexual satisfaction in LGBTQ adults
No full textInternalized homophobia is a common component of the LGBTQ developmental experience which impacts sexual identity development (Peterson & Gerrity, 2006; Rowan & Malcom, 2003). As well, many LGBTQ people raised in Christian religious communities frequently grow up in environments which are not affirming of their sexualities (Barnes & Meyer, 2012; Boppana & Gross, 2019; Herek et al., 2009; Ream & Savin-Williams, 2005; Rodriquez & Oullette, 2000). While much research considers the impact of these minority stressors on LGBTQ well-being (Frost & Meyer, 2009; Herek et al. 2009; Keating & Muller, 2020), fewer consider the specific impact on sexual well- being. In particular, research is lacking in consider how these three variables, particularly the distinction of non-affirming versus affirming religions, interact to impact LGBTQ sexual satisfaction in adulthood. The present study examined whether or not sexual identity development mediated the relationship between internalized homophobia and sexual satisfaction, and whether or not a non-affirming religious upbringing moderated this effect. Results from a sample of 214 LGBTQ adults showed that that as sexual identity development decreased and internalized homophobia increased, sexual satisfaction was lower. Religious upbringing had no effect in this model, however, and exploratory analyses of participant data showed that non-affirming religious upbringings predicted greater internalized homophobia. Qualitative analysis of participant data demonstrated that participants raised in non-affirming religions experienced subjective feelings of rejection, shame, and delayed sexual development. Findings, limitations, and implications of the study, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed
The effect of supervisor multicultural competence and supervisor cultural humility on the supervisory working alliance and trainee nondisclosure: A structural equation model
No full textParental post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been associated with various psychological and behavioral outcomes in their offspring. Utilizing a sample of (N=330) adult offspring of trauma-exposed parents, this study used self-report and behavioral measures to examine the relationship between parental PTSD symptom severity and adult participant’s romantic attachment insecurity, pathological personality traits, and facial emotion recognition (FER) accuracy for subtle emotional expressions. Additionally, it explored the role of maladaptive parenting behaviors on these associations. Results indicated that higher parental PTSD was associated with higher levels of parental care and an affectionate constraint parenting style. Additionally, parental PTSD was related to offspring attachment anxiety through high parental care, particularly when the less traumatized parent exhibited low care. Additionally, we found that all pathological personality traits were related to both attachment anxiety and avoidance. With regards to FER, we found that trait Antagonism was related to less accurate recognition of fear, anger, and neutral facial expressions. We also found that higher negative affectivity (NA) and lower disinhibition (DI) were related to increased accuracy in recognizing fear, with low parental control mediating the NA-Fear relationship. Results also indicated that offspring were more sensitive to fear and anger but had reduced accuracy in recognizing these emotions, likely due to heightened emotional vigilance. Additionally, greater parental PTSD was associated with reduced accuracy in recognizing happiness. This highlights the complex impact of parental trauma on offspring\u27s emotional processing. Limitations of the present study and future directions are also discussed
Racial Preference as a Moderator in the Match-Alliance Relationship: A Mixed-Methods Study of Indian Immigrants
Full text linkPatient preferences are defined as a patient’s desire for specific behaviors or attributes of the therapist or therapy (Arnkoff et al., 2002). Psychotherapy patients may hold a preference for a same-race therapist due to their perception that the therapist is similar to themselves, which may positively affect the therapeutic alliance (Cabral & Smith, 2011). However, since previous research has found mixed results on the positive effects of racial matching in psychotherapy (Cheng et al., 2023), another possible angle to examine the effects of racial matching on the therapeutic alliance is by taking patient preference into account. While data is limited on many racial groups in the literature, there is particularly scarce data on the Indian immigrant population (Misra et al., 2000). Therefore, this study examined the effects of racial match on the therapeutic alliance as moderated by preference among Indian immigrants living in the United States, as well as the reasons behind these preferences. It was hypothesized that when an Indian immigrant patient in psychotherapy was treated by a therapist perceived to be of their stated preference, they would exhibit a stronger therapeutic alliance than those who were not treated by a therapist perceived to be of their stated preference. 280 Indian immigrants currently in psychotherapy completed a three-part survey assessing their demographic information, therapeutic alliance, and preference for race of therapist. A regression analysis was used to examine the differences on WAI-SR scores between patients who perceived a racial match and a non-racial match, with preference as a moderator. The results of this study found that Indian immigrants who perceived a racial match with an Indian therapist had significantly higher WAI scores than Indian immigrants who perceived a non-racial match. Further, Indian immigrants who had no specific preference for the race of their therapist had significantly higher WAI scores than those who preferred an Indian therapist and those who did not prefer an Indian therapist. Participants who preferred an Indian therapist cited a greater understanding of cultural issues, easier communication, and possible discrimination from non-Indian therapists as reasons for this preference, while those who preferred a non-Indian therapist cited reasons such as more objective and alternative perspectives on cultural topics, more focus on individuality, and the perception that non-Indian therapists were more advanced practitioners and more accepting of diversity. The results of the study support previous literature stating that racial match may positively impact the therapeutic alliance