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To See or Not to See - Clinical Implications of Black Women’s Experiences of Invisibility and Hypervisibility In Psychology Doctoral Training Programs: A Qualitative Study
Get PDFIt has previously been documented that, in psychology doctoral programs, Black women are considered hypervisible due to their distinctiveness and “otherness” (Ryland, 2013) and that this “otherness” is compounded by their intersecting identities as non-prototypical women and Black people (Hancock, 2007). Simultaneously, Black women can also be rendered invisible, or viewed as not belonging to, either of their two subordinate groups due to their non-prototypical status in each group (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008). As a result of their visibility, Black women are often subjected to higher levels of scrutiny and discrimination (Wilkins-Yel, Hyman, & Zounlome, 2019). Given that experiences of discrimination correlate with poorer mental health outcomes (Carter, 2007; Mossakowski, 2003) and that clinical psychology training necessitates students contending with the same systems and the same possible ramifications as their patients, it is especially important to understand the experiences of Black women in graduate psychology training programs and how these experiences may inform their clinical development and practice (Ronnestad and Skovholt, 2003). However, no studies exist currently which examine the implications of the experiences of Black women in psychology doctoral training programs. As such, the purpose of this study was to facilitate a deeper understanding of how Black women’s training experiences can have legitimate, noteworthy effects on their clinical and overall development. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve individuals who self-identify as Black women. Participants were asked to describe their training experiences, with specific consideration of themes such as hypervisibility, invisibility, and clinical skill set development. Auerbach and Silverstein’s (2003) qualitative methodology was utilized to code and organize interview responses, generate constructs, and ultimately create a theoretical narrative. Six theoretical constructs were yielded: 1) Black women experience several challenges within the context of doctoral training, both interpersonally and developmentally; 2) As a result of these challenges, Black women form opinions about themselves, their clinical abilities, and those of others; 3) Black women’s relationship to visibility in training varies over time due to experiences of hypervisibility and/or invisibility; 4) Many of the challenges experienced by Black women are uniquely magnified by their double minority status; 5) Structural failures in doctoral training and higher education inform the challenges Black women face; 6) Support, in its many forms, is paramount to Black women’s success in doctoral training. This study’s findings provide deeper insight into the role of visibility with respect to Black women psychologists-in-training and highlights its role in their clinical development. Specifically, the need for more internal support staff, a greater number of culturally sensitive training curricula and faculty, and more diverse admittance practices emerged as potential ways to address the challenges discussed herein. More specific recommendations are offered in order to improve the training experiences of Black women, and, in so doing, provide useful and important information for both doctoral training programs and larger professional bodies, such as the American Psychological Association, with respect to acknowledgment and improvement of Black women’s experiences in clinical training with the potential to increase matriculation and better serve the mental health needs of an ever-growing, diverse population
Person-Centered Substance use Treatment Program and Satisfaction of Care
Get PDFPerson-centered care is an approach to substance use treatment that is responsive to the client’s needs and values. It has been gaining popularity in recent years as there have been many negative connotations related to more traditional treatment methods that are directive and sometimes punitive. This research considered the use of the person-centered care approach to treatment and its effect on the clients’ perception of the care they are receiving. A cross sectional survey study was conducted at the Town of Babylon Beacon Family Wellness Center. This facility is an outpatient level substance use treatment facility that utilizes the person-centered care treatment method. A simple linear regression and two Independent Samples t Tests were conducted. The results of the linear regression showed that time in treatment was positively associated with satisfaction of care. Independent Samples t Tests showed that there was no significant difference in mean satisfaction scores between non-mandated and mandated clients, nor was there a difference between mean scores for African American clients and all other races. Recommendations for future research and practice were considered
Breaking the cycle of violence: Parenting as a protective factor
Get PDFThere is an abundance of research that explore risk factors that demonstrate the cycle of violence. This study sought to highlight protective factors and why some do not perpetuate the cycle of violence. Participants consisted of 578 undergraduate males and females. Through the use archival data from several questionnaires, the study sought to learn if parental care and overprotection can break the cycle of violence. Moreover, it was hypothesized that (1) There will be a significant negative relationship between parental care and adult violence (2) There will be a significant positive relationship between insecure attachment and adult violence (3) There will be a significant positive relationship between child maltreatment and adult violence. (4) The relationship between child maltreatment and adult violence will be mediated by parental care. Thus, there will be a significant positive indirect, effect and as care decreases adult violence increases. (5) The relationship between child maltreatment and adult violence will also be mediated by overprotection; specifically, there will be a significant positive, indirect effect. (6) The relationship between child maltreatment and adult violence will be partially mediated by insecure forms of attachment. The first hypothesis was not supported, the second hypothesis was supported, and the third hypothesis was not supported. There was an indirect effect of trauma on adult violence through care. Furthermore, as predicted, preoccupied attachment was significantly positively related to adult violence. There was also a significant positive indirect effect of child maltreatment on adult violence through fearful attachment. The results demonstrate that parenting care and secure attachment may not be a strong barrier to violence where child maltreatment exists
How the Other Half Lives
No full textIn my quilt I try to show the uneven distribution of pollution that can be seen in cities. I split my square in half. On one half there are smaller houses that are very close to factories. It can be seen that the smoke that is produced by the factories surrounds the houses that are close by. On the other half there are much nicer houses that are meant to be brownstone houses. The smaller houses that are surrounded by smoke are meant to show how people of a lower socioeconomic position tend to be more exposed to pollution, while people in a higher socioeconomic position are not exposed to pollution to the same extent as the other side is. I use cooler and darker colors, to bring out a sense of sorrow and some sympathy for those people who suffer the negative impact of living in neighborhoods that have high exposure to pollution. The warm and brighter colors are meant to show how people in more affluent neighborhoods are almost unaffected.https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/cusp_usquilt_2022/1012/thumbnail.jp
Formulation and characterization of oral dissolving films with ascorbic acid
Get PDFPeople are becoming increasingly health conscious and the popularity of dietary supplements is growing. More specifically, consumers have become focused on improving the beauty of their hair, skin and nails and improving the health of their immune systems. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid provides many health and beauty benefits. Because humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, it is an essential dietary component that one must consume either through foods or through supplements. For beauty, ascorbic acid supports the biosynthesis of collagen which is important for maintaining skin’s elasticity as well as for wound healing. Ongoing research studies are evaluating the role of ascorbic acid in immune function and its antioxidant activity that limits the damaging effects of free radicals or reactive oxygen species. Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin and its Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) assignment is Class 3: high solubility, low permeability. The oral dissolving film (ODF) is a potential dosage form for dietary supplementation because it acts by dissolving rapidly on the oral mucosa, an area that has high permeability and blood supply. This is advantageous because tablet supplements that need to be swallowed are subject to the effects of first pass metabolism, enzymatic degradation and lower solubility in the gastrointestinal tract. ODFs are also a more accessible option for any consumer who has difficulty swallowing pills or who simply wants to consume something on the go, without the need for water. The current research project endeavors to identify and validate the optimal oral dissolving film formulation with ascorbic acid as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). To develop a well-functioning oral dissolving film, it is crucial to choose the ingredients that will maximize efficient drug delivery through the oral mucosa. The key formulation components of an oral dissolving film include the API, film forming polymer and plasticizer and other components may include: flavor agents, colorants, penetration enhancers, surfactants and saliva stimulating agents. The ingredients used besides ascorbic acid were HPMC E-5 as the film forming polymer, PEG-400 as the plasticizer, orange food coloring for the colorant and grapefruit oil as the flavoring agent. First, oral dissolving films that are on the market were evaluated as a benchmark for the current study. Then, a design of experiments software was used to generate a Box-Behnken study design with three key variables and 13 total trials. Each film was evaluated in triplicate through physical characterization (film length, width, thickness, weight, cross sectional area) and through their tensile strength, disintegration time and drug load. Through statistical analysis, the main effects and interactions between the variables on the resulting film characteristics were investigated. Then, the resulting optimal formula composition was created again as a confirmatory batch to validate the ideal composition. In summary, design of experiments methodology was successfully implemented to develop an optimal formulation for an oral dissolving film with ascorbic acid. The resulting film satisfactorily met the ideal ODF criteria by demonstrating a higher tensile strength, a lower disintegration time and a higher drug load
Humor use during conflict in close relationships
Get PDFResearch indicates that finding a way to exit maladaptive, cyclical exchanges during conflict is one of the greatest challenges for members of a dyad “stuck” in these patterns. Humor has been highlighted by positive psychology proponents as an adaptive tool in social functioning and a successful coping strategy. Humor use functions through a cognitive reappraisal mechanism, and is one such way to mitigate conflict in dyads. The current study expands upon prior findings by evaluating the relationship between relationship satisfaction, styles of humor used, and responses to interpersonal conflict (level of distress and perceived closeness) within the relationship. The present study standardized in-the-moment conflict experimentally by using Cyberball to simulate rejection in the dyad, and sought to generalize findings regarding humor use across a variety of dyads beyond just romantic partners. Analyses evaluated outcomes both related to individuals independently, and related to actor-partner interdependence. Results demonstrated a significant actor effect of affiliative humor use on change in feelings of closeness in a subsample of romantic partners only, such that as affiliative humor increased, feelings of closeness remained similar to those reported at baseline. Multiple regression demonstrated that self-enhancing and self-defeating humor were significant unique predictors of cognitive reappraisal and each accounted for a large portion of variance. Finally, an analysis of “in-the-moment” humor use, which was determined by emoji selected to be sent to a study partner following ostracism, demonstrated that self-defeating humor had a significantly more adverse impact on decreased feelings of closeness following ostracism as compared to self-enhancing humor
The Influence of Instagram and Depression Amongst College-Aged Individuals
Get PDFSocial media has impacted the lives of many young adults within today’s society. While social media has connected individuals from around the world, it has also blurred the truth from reality. Quite often, social media users will give a glimpse into their life where judgements are free to be made by their audience. Instagram is a noteworthy platform that is highly utilized, but also highly critical to one’s mental health. Previous research has explored the significance between mental health and social media; however, the aim of this current study is to carefully examine the connection between depression and Instagram usage amongst college-aged individuals. The present study used a mixed-methods research in which data was collected from students attending Long Island University’s Post Campus. Participants were asked to complete an anonymous survey that was distributed via email link. Results indicated that Instagram usage does not influence depression amongst college-aged individuals
Community Gardens
No full textIn urban areas, there are countless buildings, but where is the green? Community gardens are important in maintaining urban sustainability whether to strengthen bonds within communities or contribute to a better urban environment. In my piece, I convey that it requires the efforts of different people to support a community garden. The garden is represented as a big flower that is held on both sides. The flower itself is made up of petals with different colors to represent the variety of plants that could make up these gardens. The center of the flower is brown to represent the soil that holds and nurtures these plants. On one side is the community that supports the garden and on the other side is government officials. Ideally, people in community gardens shouldn’t have to worry about losing the garden but as of now in New York City, if the property is owned by the city, then at any time the city finds another use for the property, it has to be cleared. Around the supported flower is a prosperous environment with butterflies and content people. Though the kind of changes represented by community gardens may take time, I want my quilt to be the view of the light at the end of the tunnel.https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/cusp_usquilt_2022/1004/thumbnail.jp
Quality Foods at Affordable Prices
No full textOne person dies every thirty-six seconds from cardiovascular disease in the United States. One contributing factor to developing this disease is unhealthy eating. But how can you eat healthy foods if they’re inaccessible to you? My quilt square represents the relationship between the lack of access to quality foods and the development of cardiovascular disease in cities like New York. The central piece of my quilt square is an anatomical heart. When looking at my quilt square, I want individuals to think about what foods they have access to, their health, and how this disease may affect them.
To create my quilt square, I chose to use a rich dark fabric, to represent a human heart, specifically, one that has been affected by non-nutritious foods. Damaged human hearts tend to be dark in color. The stitch work on my quilt square is basic stitches. I refrained from using intricate stitching designs as I wanted the main focus of my art piece to be the anatomical heart. In viewing my art piece, I want individuals to feel curious about exploring food choices in their own community. Are healthy foods accessible in your neighborhood? If not, what can you do to change that?https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/cusp_usquilt_2022/1008/thumbnail.jp
Intelligent Densification
No full textUrban life is becoming ever more prevalent in modern society and with this growth come new challenges, responsibilities, and consequences. In my piece, I present what a city should look like both now and in the future. I hope to inspire city dwellers, old and young, to make contributions, no matter how small, to creating the cities we deserve, and more importantly that our world deserves. To make my square for the quilt, I researched projections of what cities would look like in the future and the role of cities in the fight against climate change. Reusing fabrics from old clothes and other cloth provided to me and of my own supply, I carefully quilted the square, full of color and life, to show how “intelligent densification” in cities can help reduce carbon emissions. It is possible to aid our environment and to improve city life for all. Our cities are beacons of hope for humanity, providing opportunity, a chance to be reborn, and most importantly, a home. If our cities can do all of this for us and more, what’s stopping us from doing this for them?https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/cusp_usquilt_2022/1001/thumbnail.jp