Revistas USIL (Univ. San Ignacio de Loyola)
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Las Nuevas Galápagos:: Turismo y Desarrollo para el Norte del Perú
Full text linkIn the Piura-Lambayeque Region, in Northern Peru, there are two groups of islands near the Pacific Coast. One is Lobosde-Tierra and the other one is Lobos-de-Afuera, because it is located further away into the ocean. This paper proposesconstruing an artificial floating island between the two groups of islands mentioned above. This would create a larger clusterof islands that will serve only as a sanctuary for the sea lions and other marine species that live in the area, such as penguinsand other births. This cluster of islands could become the Peruvian Galapagos.
The costs of the investment project are calculated by using the data from similar endeavors in China or Denmark or TheMaldives. We may assume that the unit costs for the Artificial Floating Island in Peru are equal to the unit costs of anothersimilar project of artificial floating islands in those countries. The benefits of this investment project will be the new incomegenerated by the new cruise tourism. We may assume that the benefits of the project may be estimated from the actual tourismrevenue from the Galapagos Islands.
The paper advances that the benefit-cost ratio will be positive and the internal rate of return will be higher than other tourismprojects already approved by development banks, such as the Inter-American Development Bank.
The new project will also help relief from the situation Peru is facing with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recession is plaguing Peru in the 2020s and amounts as one of the worst economic situations of the last 100 years. Also, the global economy is in contraction in Europe and other regions. In fact, the aftermath of the pandemic will be considered as years of economic development lost for some countries like Peru. Specifically, receptive tourism in Peru is in danger of extinction after the pandemic. Actually, Peruvian tourism, which gives employment to 1.4 million people who are mainly women, is in collapse.
Also, this article aims to make proposals to help tourism sales recover their position as the most important section of serviceexports in Peru. The proposal is intended to encourage a nontraditional tourism on the tropical coast of Northern Peruthat should complement the traditional archeological tourism. The conclusions make emphasis on the fact that, at present,Peru is not exploiting its comparative advantage in tourism, which could become a leading sector of the economy. Finally,our thesis is based on the notion that, from 2021 onwards, the recovery of the Peruvian economy must necessarily be basedon exploiting the recovery of external demand rather than putting our trust in domestic demand growth.In the Piura-Lambayeque Region, in Northern Peru, there are two groups of islands near the Pacific Coast. One is Lobos-de-Tierra and the other one is Lobos-de-Afuera, because it is located further away into the ocean. This paper proposes construing an artificial floating island between the two groups of islands mentioned above. This would create a larger cluster of islands that will serve only as a sanctuary for the sea lions and other marine species that live in the area, such as penguins and other births. This cluster of islands could become the Peruvian Galapagos.The costs of the investment project are calculated by using the data from similar endeavors in China or Denmark or The Maldives. We may assume that the unit costs for the Artificial Floating Island in Peru are equal to the unit costs of another similar project of artificial floating islands in those countries. The benefits of this investment project will be the new income generated by the new cruise tourism. We may assume that the benefits of the project may be estimated from the actual tourism revenue from the Galapagos Islands.The paper advances that the benefit-cost ratio will be positive and the internal rate of return will be higher than other tourism projects already approved by development banks, such as the Inter-American Development Bank.
The new project will also help relief from the situation Peru is facing with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recession is plaguing Peru in the 2020s and amounts as one of the worst economic situations of the last 100 years. Also, the global economy is in contraction in Europe and other regions. In fact, the aftermath of the pandemic will be considered as years of economic development lost for some countries like Peru. Specifically, receptive tourism in Peru is in danger of extinction after the pandemic. Actually, Peruvian tourism, which gives employment to 1.4 million people who are mainly women, is in collapse. Also, this article aims to make proposals to help tourism sales recover their position as the most important section of service exports in Peru. The proposal is intended to encourage anontraditional tourism on the tropical coast of Northern Peru that should complement the traditional archeological tourism. The conclusions make emphasis on the fact that, at present, Peru is not exploiting its comparative advantage in tourism, which could become a leading sector of the economy. Finally, our thesis is based on the notion that, from 2021 onwards, the recovery of the Peruvian economy must necessarily be based on exploiting the recovery of external demand rather than putting our trust in domestic demand growth
Nivel de conocimientos sobre el Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje en docentes de educación primaria de instituciones educativas de Lima-Perú y Madrid-España
No full textDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD), formerly known as Specific Language Impairment (SLI), is a severe disorder with a prevalence of approximately 7% in the child population, that impact on oral and written communication, however, it is little known by clinicians and teachers, which prevents it from being detected and pedagogical responses given at the beginning of schooling. For this reason, we sought to describe and compare the knowledge of Primary School teachers about SLI/DLD in five aspects: definition, characteristics, causes, intervention and epidemiology. To this end, 107 teachers in Lima and Madrid completed a Sociodemographic Data Sheet and the Specific Language Impairment Knowledge Questionnaire. The results show statistically significant differences between the groups, with Spanish teachers performing better in the aspects of definition, characteristics, causes and epidemiology. This group also reported higher university education (94%) and more training in language disorders (86%), in contrast to the Peruvian teachers (53%; 45,3%), who were more likely to err in their answers. Although there were no differences in the overall level of knowledge or intervention, the findings highlighted the need to strengthen SLI/DLD education in academic settings by including initial pedagogical responses to reduce these training gaps and direct them towards more specialized and premeditated support.El Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL), antes Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL), es una alteración severa con una prevalencia aproximada del 7% en la población infantil, que impacta desfavorablemente en la comunicación oral y escrita, sin embargo, es poco conocido por clínicos y maestros, impidiendo que se pueda detectar y dar respuestas pedagógicas al iniciar la escolaridad. Por ello, se buscó describir y comparar los conocimientos de los maestros de Educación Primaria sobre el TEL/TDL en cinco aspectos: definición, características, causas, intervención y epidemiología. Para este fin, 107 docentes de Lima y Madrid respondieron una Ficha Sociodemográfica y el Cuestionario de Conocimientos del Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje. Los resultados evidencian diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos, con mejores desempeños en los maestros españoles en los aspectos de definición, características, causas y epidemiología. Este grupo también reportó mayor formación universitaria (94%) y más capacitada en TL (86%), en contraste con los maestros peruanos (53%; 45,3%), quienes erraron más en sus respuestas. Aunque no se registraron diferencias en el nivel global de conocimientos ni en intervención, los hallazgos destacaron la necesidad de reforzar la enseñanza acerca del TEL/TDL en entornos académicos incluyendo respuestas pedagógicas iniciales que permitan reducir estas brechas formativas y encaminarlos hacia apoyos más especializados y premeditados
Evolución de la Inteligencia Artificial y el Peligro de uso Desmedido
No full textThe use of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming various aspects of life, simplifying processes and enhancing human performance. However, its development without proper regulation poses significant risks at both global and individual levels. This article explores the need for regulatory frameworks from historical, political, and psychological perspectives, addressing the research question: “To what extent does the lack of proper governance or regulation in AI development increase risks to global security and the integrity of human reasoning?” Through a qualitative approach, this study analyzes documents, academic publications, and theories on AI evolution and the dangers associated with its uncontrolled use. It critically examines statements made by political and technological leaders, contrasting their assertions with theoretical frameworks, and employs analogies to encourage critical thinking and establish connections between concepts and real-world scenarios. Furthermore, this research is grounded in the Theory of the Risk Society and the Theory of Self-Determination to argue the dangers of unregulated AI. Ultimately, it aims to highlight the urgent need for effective governance to mitigate the risks posed by AI development and ensure its safe integration into society.El uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA) está transformando diversos ámbitos de la vida, simplificando procesos y potenciando el rendimiento humano. Sin embargo, su desarrollo sin una regulación adecuada puede generar riesgos significativos tanto a nivel global como individual. Este artículo explora la necesidad de establecer marcos regulatorios desde una perspectiva histórica, política y psicológica, abordando la pregunta de investigación: “¿En qué medida la ausencia de una regulación o gobernanza adecuada en el desarrollo de la Inteligencia Artificial incrementa los riesgos para la seguridad global y la integridad del razonamiento humano?” A través de un enfoque cualitativo, se analizan documentos, publicaciones académicas y teorías sobre la evolución de la IA y los peligros asociados a su uso desmedido. Se examina el papel de líderes políticos y tecnológicos mediante un análisis crítico de sus declaraciones, contrastadas con enfoques teóricos, y se emplean analogías para estimular el pensamiento crítico y establecer conexiones entre conceptos y realidades. Además, este estudio se fundamenta en la Teoría de la Sociedad en Riesgo y la Teoría de la Autodeterminación para argumentar sobre las amenazas que representa una IA sin regulación efectiva. En última instancia, se busca evidenciar la necesidad de un control riguroso para mitigar los riesgos asociados al desarrollo de esta tecnología y garantizar su integración segura en la sociedad
Nuclear Symmetry and Escalation Dynamics in Interstate Crises
No full textThis paper analyzes the dynamics of interstate conflicts involving nuclear-armed states from 1969 to 2025, examining how nuclear capabilities and strategic asymmetry influence escalation, nuclear signaling, and resolution outcomes. Eight pivotal cases of datasets, including the Sino-Soviet Border Clash (1969), the Kargil War (1999), and the Israel-Israel Confrontation (2025), are categorized by duration, nuclear tensions, symmetry, and outcome type. This paper introduces the concept of a probabilistic deterrence equilibrium, deterrence that shows that deterrence is not a binary condition but a spectrum of behavioral probabilities affected by nuclear symmetry, mediation, and domestic pressure. Monte Carlo Simulation reveals that symmetric nuclear conflicts average 14.60 days, shorter than asymmetric ones (24.8 days), while asymmetric dyads show a higher likelihood of mediated or ceasefire outcomes (≈0.67 vs 0.40). This pattern shows that mutual nuclear deterrence compresses conflict duration through reciprocal risk awareness, whereas nuclear asymmetry raises opportunities for external mediation and early conflict termination. The insights highlight that nuclear deterrence works as a probabilistic equilibrium rather than an absolute condition, hindering the need for crisis communication mechanisms as early warning systems to manage escalation in nuclear-involved conflicts
Análisis Comparado de la Independencia de los Bancos Centrales en Perú y Argentina
No full textThis article offers a comparative analysis of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) and the Central Bank of Argentina (BCRA), aiming to assess the relationship between central bank independence and human development. Using a qualitative approach based on Comparative Institutional Analysis and the process tracing method, it traces the causal mechanisms linking institutional autonomy, macroeconomic stability, and social welfare. Findings reveal a paradox: the BCRP, among the most independent central banks in Latin America, has achieved low inflation, high levels of international reserves, and credibility; yet Peru continues to rank below Argentina in the Human Development Index (HDI). Conversely, the BCRA, with weaker autonomy and frequent fiscal pressures, has faced chronic inflation and external fragility, but Argentina maintains a higher HDI due to its long-standing social policies. The study concludes that central bank independence is a necessary condition for macroeconomic stability, but insufficient for human development.Este artículo analiza de manera comparativa el Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (BCRP) y el Banco Central de la República Argentina (BCRA), con el objetivo de evaluar la relación entre independencia del banco central y desarrollo humano. A través de un enfoque cualitativo sustentado en el Análisis Comparativo Institucional (Comparative Institutional Analysis) y la metodología de process tracing, se rastrean los mecanismos causales que conectan autonomía institucional, estabilidad macroeconómica y bienestar social. Los resultados muestran una paradoja: el BCRP, uno de los bancos centrales más independientes de América Latina, ha logrado controlar la inflación, acumular reservas y consolidar credibilidad internacional; sin embargo, el Perú mantiene un Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) bastante inferior al de Argentina. El BCRA, con una autonomía más limitada y sometido a presiones fiscales, ha enfrentado inflación crónica y vulnerabilidad externa, pero sostiene un IDH más alto gracias a sus políticas sociales históricas. El estudio concluye que la independencia de un Banco Central es condición necesaria para garantizar estabilidad macroeconómica, pero no suficiente para promover desarrollo humano
Rethinking Treaty Interpretation in Investment Treaties: The Coexistence of Investor-State and State-to-State Dispute Settlement Clauses and the Case for State-centric Interpretative Authority in the Global South
No full textThis Paper examines the coexistence and interaction between investor-State dispute settlement (“ISDS”) and State-to-State dispute settlement (“SSDS”) mechanisms adopted within a single investment treaty framework and argues that while ISDS arbitral awards have dominated investment arbitration jurisprudence, the underutilisation of the invocation of SSDS clauses represent a missed opportunity for States to regain interpretative control over their investment treaties. Drawing on Anthea Roberts theory of hybridity, this paper argues for a shared interpretative authority between states and arbitral tribunals. However, such authority should be subject to certain limitations as treaty interpretation should remain within the purview of state-to-state mechanisms, either through SSDS tribunals or joint interpretative statements issued by the treaty partners. Global South States rarely invoke SSDS even though most of their investment treaties contain SSDS clauses. African investment treaties provide a clear illustration of this phenomenon, where SSDS clauses appear routinely in its treaties, yet remain functionally dormant. No African State has ever triggered SSDS under an existing BIT or MIT, and the global record of SSDS proceedings in investment treaties is limited, with only four known interpretative SSDS cases to date. This paper argues that ISDS tribunals should not necessarily have autonomous or de facto authority to interpret novelty treaty provisions that is not already decided upon by the contracting parties to the treaties. This paper also calls for the inclusion of both ISDS and SSDS provisions in the newer generation of treaties, as opposed to a complete abrogation of the ISDS provisions, which is currently being embraced by several States, and with a focus on SSDS as a crucial tool to enhance States’ control over treaty interpretation. The paper concludes with a practical recommendation for the Global South States to consider when (re-) negotiating investment treaties with its trading partners, with a view to balancing investor confidence and regulatory sovereignty
La colaboración interdisciplinaria en la enseñanza de Diseño de Interiores
Full text linkEl modelo educativo de la Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola busca una formación integral de los estudiantes, considerando los valores institucionales, los requerimientos profesionales, el desarrollo humano y el impacto social. Por ello, la carrera de Arte y Diseño Empresarial viene desarrollando algunas estrategias que permitan consolidarlo, entre ellas podemos mencionarel aprendizaje basado en proyectos reales. Ajustado a las necesidades específicas de los clientes que plantea el desarrollo de proyectos de intervención de inmuebles en los cursos de Planos y Maquetas y el curso de Diseño de Interiores. Por tanto, este artículo tiene como finalidad mostrar la experiencia generada en el curso Diseño Interior Residencial a través de una estrategia de aprendizaje basado en proyectos colaborativos, la cual responde a las necesidades específicas de cada vivienda, integrando trabajo interdisciplinario, un enfoque sistémico y una visión estratégica. Esta investigación trata de estudiar la interacción entre las diversas disciplinas del diseño al involucrarse en un determinado proyecto, campaña publicitaria,manejo de identidad comercial o corporativa, o desarrollode marca
Tendencias populares contemporáneas e involucramiento estudiantil en aprendizaje y proyectos de diseño
Full text linkLa integración de tendencias populares contemporáneas en la educación, particularmente en campos como el diseño y la comunicación visual, se ha revelado como una estrategia innovadora para incrementar el involucramiento y la motivación de los estudiantes. Esta investigación se enfoca en la experiencia de estudiantes y docentes de diseño en instituciones educativas de Lima, destacándose la importancia de utilizar elementos de la cultura popular contemporánea, como el anime, el K-pop, los memes de internet o las referencias geek para fomentar un mayor involucramiento de los estudiantes de diseño en proyectos creativos interdisciplinarios. La motivación y el compromiso estudiantil son aspectos cruciales para el aprendizaje efectivo y se ven influenciados por la relación interpersonal entre alumnos y docentes, así como por un clima motivacional positivo en el aula. La cultura popular y las tendencias contemporáneas pueden tener un impacto significativo en la percepción y la creatividad de losestudiantes de diseño, sugiriendo que su inclusión en la educación puede enriquecer la experiencia de aprendizaje y mejorar el rendimiento académico. Se resalta la relevancia de comprender y apreciar estas tendencias como manifestaciones de la culturaglobal, lo que puede enriquecer la perspectiva de los estudiantes de diseño
Cuestionario Violencia Recibida, Ejercida y Percibida, versión revisada (VREP-R): propiedades psicométricas en universitarios cubanos
Full text linkThe availability of adequate instruments that measure dating violence is essential in Cuba to strengthen the evidence and support preventive actions with effective diagnoses. The objective of the research was to analyze psychometric properties of the Revised Received, Exerted, and Perceived Violence Questionnaire (VREP-R) in its Cuban version. An instrumental design study, specifically psychometric, was carried out with the participation of 356 students aged 18 to 24 from the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. In the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale, the adjusted model showed an excellent fit index, with an RMSEA of .050. Furthermore, the CFI indicated a good fit, obtaining a value of .969. The instrument was reduced to 22 items, preserving the five original factors, which explained 65.684% of the accumulated variation. The scale is confirmed multidimensional, with indicators appropriately related to its dimensions. Adequate reliability values were obtained through internal consistency (α =.94 and ω =.90). The temporal stability of the measure was assessed using Spearman's assessment between measurements at two different times. A substantial evaluation was found between the measurements at the first and second moments; statistics ranged between .50. and .95. It is concluded that the VREP-R is a brief, adequate, easy-to-apply measurement instrument that meets the psychometric requirements, being reliable and valid to measure dating violence received, exercised and perceived, aspect non-existent until now in Cuba.La disponibilidad de instrumentos adecuados que midan la violencia en el noviazgo es esencial en Cuba para fortalecer la evidencia y respaldar acciones preventivas con diagnósticos efectivos. La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Violencia Recibida, Ejercida, Percibida Revisado (VREP-R) en su versión cubana. Se realizó un estudio de diseño instrumental, específicamente psicométrico, con la participación de 356 estudiantes de 18 a 24 años de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala, el modelo ajustado, mostró un índice de ajuste excelente, con un RMSEA de .050. Además, el CFI indicó un buen ajuste, obteniéndose un valor de .969. El instrumento se redujo a 22 ítems, conservando los cinco factores originales, que explicaron el 65.684% de la varianza acumulada. La escala se confirmó multidimensional, con indicadores apropiadamente relacionados con sus dimensiones. Se obtuvieron valores adecuados de confiabilidad por consistencia interna (α =.94 y ω =.90). La estabilidad temporal de la medida se evaluó mediante la correlación de Spearman entre las mediciones en dos momentos diferentes. Se encontró una correlación sustancial entre las mediciones en el primer y segundo momento; los estadísticos oscilaron entre .50. y .95. Se concluye que el VREP-R es un instrumento de medida breve, adecuado, de fácil aplicación, que cumple con los requerimientos psicométricos, siendo fiable y válido para medir la violencia en el noviazgo recibida, ejercida y percibida; aspecto inexistente hasta ahora en Cuba
Investigo, luego diseño
Full text linkEl Diseño ha sido históricamente percibido como una disciplina eminentemente práctica, enfocada en la resolución de problemas visuales y la comunicación efectiva a través de recursos tales como la fotografía, la ilustración, el ícono, el símbolo, la tipografía, etc.Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas, ha emergido un cambio de paradigma que posiciona a la investigación como un componente esencial en el desarrollo de la disciplina. La investigación aplicada no solo enriquece su práctica profesional, sino que también promueve la innovación, eleva sus estándares y permite explorar su impacto cultural, social y económico