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JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS)
No full textContext. Understanding the earliest stages of star formation, and setting it in the context of the general cycle of matter in the interstellar
medium, is a central aspect of research with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Aims. The JWST program JOYS (JWST Observations of Young protoStars) aims to characterize the physical and chemical properties
of young high- and low-mass star-forming regions, in particular the unique mid-infrared diagnostics of the warmer gas and solid-state
components. We present early results from the high-mass star formation region IRAS 23385+6053.
Methods. The JOYS program uses the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) with its integral
field unit (IFU) to investigate a sample of high- and low-mass star-forming protostellar systems.
Results. The full 5–28 µm MIRI MRS spectrum of IRAS 23385+6053 shows a plethora of interesting features. While the general
spectrum is typical for an embedded protostar, we see many atomic and molecular gas lines boosted by the higher spectral resolution
and sensitivity compared to previous space missions. Furthermore, ice and dust absorption features are also present. Here, we focus on
the continuum emission, outflow tracers such as the H2(0–0)S(7), [FeII](4F9/2–
6D9/2), and [NeII](2P1/2−
2P3/2) lines, and the potential
accretion tracer Humphreys α HI(7–6). The short-wavelength MIRI data resolve two continuum sources, A and B; mid-infrared source
A is associated with the main millimeter continuum peak. The combination of mid-infrared and millimeter data reveals a young cluster
in the making. Combining the mid-infrared outflow tracers H2, [FeII], and [NeII] with millimeter SiO data reveals a complex interplay
of at least three molecular outflows driven by protostars in the forming cluster. Furthermore, the Humphreys α line is detected at a 3–4σ
level toward the mid-infrared sources A and B. One can roughly estimate both accretion luminosities and corresponding accretion rates
to be between ∼2.6 × 10−6
and ∼0.9 × 10−4 M⊙ yr−1
. This is discussed in the context of the observed outflow rates.
Conclusions. The analysis of the MIRI MRS observations for this young high-mass star-forming region reveals connected outflow
and accretion signatures, as well as the enormous potential of JWST to boost our understanding of the physical and chemical processes
at play during star formation
A method to derive small area estimates of linked commuting trips by mode from open source LODES and ACS data
No full textThis paper describes a fully customizable open source method to create linked origin-destination data on commuting flows by mode at the Census tract scale by combining LODES and ACS data from the US Census Bureau. With additional work, the method could be scaled to the entire US (with a small number of exceptions) for every year from 2002 to 2019. For demonstration purposes, the paper applies this method to 2015 commuting flows in Cook County, Illinois. At an aggregate scale, the results of this application show that commuting by all modes is dominated by travel to large regional employment centres. However, the pattern is more localised for the walking mode, and focused along corridors of mode-specific infrastructure investment for the cycling and transit modes, as might be expected. The auto and work from home modes demonstrate the most distributed pattern of travel, revealing more instances of commuting to regional sub-centres than the other modes
The impact of entrepreneurial overconfidence on incubator effectiveness
No full textThe low utilization of incubator resources has been subject to much academic attention
within entrepreneurship research. This study explores how entrepreneurs’ overconfdence
impacts the utilization of incubator resources and infuences incubation performance.
Based on interviews with 8 incubators and questionnaires from 184 entrepreneurs, the
findings show a negative relationship between entrepreneurs’ overconfidence and the incubation performance of start-ups. This finding emerges in the context of incubation management through the fully mediating role of entrepreneurial learning. As a moderator, the
contract control of the incubator weakens the negative relationship between entrepreneurs’
overconfdence and entrepreneurial learning. The microcosm of the incubator context
allows the researchers to examine the internal agent interaction. This paper explores the
related literature, presents the research study, discusses the findings and provides avenues
for future scholarly research on this topic
Ireland's Climate Change Assessment. Volume 3: Being Prepared for Ireland's Future Climate
No full textThis is the first Ireland’s Climate Change Assessment (ICCA) and is a major contribution to thenational dialogue and engagement on climate change. It tells us what is known about climate change and Ireland. It also provides key insights on gaps in our knowledge. The development
of ICCA was modelled on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Sixth Assessment Cycle, completed in 2023, with the use of and localisation of its information for Ireland.
This is Volume 3 Being prepared for Ireland's Future Climat
Online Disinformation, Informed Democracy, and Human Rights: Identifying and Applying a European Human Rights Perspective to the Regulation of Online Disinformation with a Focus on the Political and Electoral Context
No full textThe spread of online disinformation in elections has become a widely debated problem in Europe. In response to this problem, European Union (EU) institutions and several EU Member States have developed legislation with a view to establishing responsibilities for technological intermediaries to limit the spread of false and misleading communications. Adopting a human rights perspective, this thesis develops a novel human rights framework and applies this framework to examine the extent to which specific EU and EU Member State legislation to combat online disinformation is compatible with the right to freedom of expression and the right to free elections as provided for under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR). Limited academic scrutiny has been applied to how the regulation of online disinformation—including online disinformation which may not be illegal under EU or domestic European laws—could undermine the right to freedom of expression in Europe. However, there has been a dearth of in-depth academic inquiry on how the spread of online disinformation could undermine the right to free and fair elections under the European human rights legal framework.
To address this gap, this thesis adopts a doctrinal methodology—and is guided by a human rights perspective—to identify the applicable standards on how the right to freedom of expression must be balanced alongside the right to free elections in the regulation of online disinformation in Europe. As part of its analysis, this thesis focuses on the applicable human rights standards that should inform the regulation of online disinformation which is disseminated in political and electoral contexts. Providing a distillation of these standards, this thesis draws extensively from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). As will be demonstrated, the analysis conducted in this thesis has immediate policy relevance by providing and applying a timely analytical framework to examine how current EU and EU Member State legislation is compatible with the right to freedom of expression and the right to free elections as interpreted under the ECHR and CFR systems
A humification-based method toward refining Holocene radiocarbon chronologies: Wetland records from southeastern China
No full textHolocene paleoclimate reconstructions and comparisons largely rely on accurate age-depth modeling. However, uncertainties in chronology, such as those caused by sparse radiocarbon dates, will hamper inter-core comparisons and correlations, and might result in misleading “cause and consequence” conclusions. This study aimed to find a solution to increase the comparability and minimize the uncertainty of wetland chronology as much as possible. Sediment cores were recovered and radiocarbon dated from the Lianhuachi wetland located in Southeastern China. Humification degree and loss-on-ignition (LOI) were determined using colorimetric and combustion methods respectively. Our data were compared with previously published datasets obtained in the same wetland. The results show that independent humification profiles from the Lianhuachi wetland displayed high similarities. This high similarity between the humification profiles allowed us to transfer radiocarbon ages from one core to another using sequence slotting correlation. Applying the humification-based chronology refinement method to all sediment cores resulted in an improvement in the correlation coefficients between the same but independently measured proxy sequences from the wetland, which suggests both the inter- and intra-core comparability was improved. Because determining peat humification degree is easy, inexpensive, and time-saving, we suggest that humification can serve as a tool that can be used to correlate different cores and to transfer published radiocarbon ages within the same wetland (peatland) or in a comparable geological setting, to establish a more robust chronology of these comparable cores. The degree of peat humification can thus serve as a relative dating technique to refine the chronology of wetland (including peatland) records
Social class, COVID-19 and care: Schools on the front line in Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textSchools have a duty of care to children that extends beyond educational performance to include wellbeing and welfare. Yet, research has high-lighted the tensions that arise when ‘care’ and ‘learning’ are treated as binaries, especially when schools operate within unequal socio--economic conditions. Extended COVID-19 school closures brought these issues into sharp relief, highlighting the central role of schools as a frontline service in the lives of poorer children. This paper provides qualitative insights into the classed experiences of extended school closure and the role and response of schools through the eyes of parents, teachers and principals in Ireland. We frame these responses in the context of the provision of a careful education, exploring the role of normative and affective relations in teaching and learning. Questions are posed in relation to schools as care regimes and the ‘mission creep’ between educational and welfare provision in schools serving poorer children
Empowering wave energy with control technology: Possibilities and pitfalls
No full textWith an increasing focus on climate action and energy security, an appropriate mix of renewable energy
technologies is imperative. Despite having considerable global potential, wave energy has still not reached a
state of maturity or economic competitiveness to have made an impact. Challenges include the high capital
and operational costs associated with deployment in the harsh ocean environment, so it is imperative that the
full energy harnessing capacity of wave energy devices, and arrays of devices in farms, is realised. To this end,
control technology has an important role to play in maximising power capture, while ensuring that physical
system constraints are respected, and control actions do not adversely affect device lifetime. Within the gamut
of control technology, a variety of tools can be brought to bear on the wave energy control problem, including
various control strategies (optimal, robust, nonlinear, etc.), data-based model identification, estimation, and
forecasting. However, the wave energy problem displays a number of unique features which challenge the
traditional application of these techniques, while also presenting a number of control ‘paradoxes’. This review
articulates the important control-related characteristics of the wave energy control problem, provides a survey
of currently applied control and control-related techniques, and gives some perspectives on the outstanding
challenges and future possibilities. The emerging area of control co-design, which is especially relevant to the
relatively immature area of wave energy system design, is also covered
Early Literacy and Multilingualism in Ireland and Britain
No full textThe main focus of this chapter is on the early literate tradition in the Irish language and how this tradition was born in the multilingual interaction with a
neighbouring written culture, namely that of Latin in the island of Britain. Since a
crucial part of this interaction with Ireland happened through British inter mediar ies or took place in Britain, both regions of the western archipelago will be considered in this survey, though the very different historical and sociolinguistic
scenarios in the two islands necessitates looking at each separately.
In addition to Latin in the specific flavour as spoken in ancient Britain, here after referred to as British Latin, the two main languages are Irish and British.
Irish (also called Goidelic) and British (also called British Celtic or Brythonic) are
two distinct branches of the Celtic branch of the Indo- European languages, the
others being Celtiberian and Gaulish (including Lepontic), which died out before
the middle of the first millennium ce.1 However, Irish and Latin cannot be
looked at in isolation and aspects of the oldest written stages of other languages
will also have to be considered briefly
Henry Smith and the Arithmetical Theory of Quadratic Forms.
No full textHenry John Stephen Smith (3:48–3::5) FRS was Savilian Professor of Geometry
at Oxford University from 3:83 to 3::5 (Figure 3). He distinguished himself
as a superb lecturer and researcher who brought international recognition to
Oxford mathematics. His unique and caring personality ensured he was held in
widespread affection and admiration by his students and the University community.
The two volumes of Henry Smith’s collected mathematical papers, first
published in 3:;6, are little read today. They include interesting biographical
material, but it may not be immediately obvious why he was regarded, and not
just at his alma mater, as being in the front rank of European mathematicians.
To understand the reasons behind this it will be helpful to look more closely
at Henry Smith’s life in mathematics.
His mathematical writings, on which his reputation chiefly rests, were on
the theory of numbers and elliptic functions, topics in which European mathematicians
were pre-eminent. He prepared a series of Reports on the Theory
of Numbers, commissioned by the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, from 3:7; to 3:87. These were followed by his memoirs on the arithmetical
theory of integral quadratic forms leading eventually to his crowning
memoir to the French Académie des Sciences for its Grand Prix des Sciences
Mathématiques of 3::4. He advanced the theory of quadratic forms by returning
to original sources and remaining true to arithmetic, confirming Henry Smith’s
reputation as a brilliant arithmetician for whom fine arithmetical details and
presentation mattered. The principle theme of these memoirs was the classification
of quadratic forms. In addition to considering his early education and
life in mathematics, this thesis will include a careful distillation of some of the
mathematical techniques contained in these memoirs. It will reveal that Henry
Smith’s mathematical techniques and presentation style was guided and influenced
by the earlier writings of Gauss, Eisenstein, and Dirichlet. In any attempt
to assess Henry Smith’s reputation in his day, and since, such considerations
will be important