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A Reconstruction of the Homeric Tradition in Early Greece
Get PDFThis thesis discusses the centuries-long historiographical debate that is known to us as the Homeric Question. The identity of Homer, the authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the dating from when the Homeric epic poems were composed, the Homeric diction, and the historicity of the Trojan War has puzzled scholars since Antiquity. Only by the twentieth century, scholars Milman Parry and Albert Lord proved that the Iliad and Odyssey were orally composed. How the written form of the Homeric epic poems came about has become even more of a historiographic puzzle than it has been previously. Building off the discussions and arguments put forth by the various Homeric scholars, it will be theorized that the Homeric tradition was invented on the purpose of being Panhellenic. The Homeric tradition should not be seen as a product of Panhellenism, but rather as a factor that facilitated the spread of Panhellenism throughout Archaic Greece. A plethora of genealogies, theogonies, and epics, which are now extinct in their near entirety, contributed to the making of the Homeric tradition. In terms of Panhellenism, a literary tradition brought along with it early ideas of a united region oriented around Greece, but the dating of this is complicated. Panhellenism relates closer to ideas of the Greek mind rather than any material evidence that can be archaeologically recoverable. By assessing modern historiography on the Homeric Question, and then by addressing the literary development of Panhellenism, it will be proposed that individuals of a specific ethnic group were responsible for the creation of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Collaborative Study Guide Assignment: Materials, Templates, “Reusable” Pedagogy
Get PDFThis collaborative study guide assignment engages undergraduate criminal justice students in defining key concepts related to research methods through a peer-driven, reusable process. Along with an overview, this document includes multiple instructional materials, including a pedagogical rationale for student-created study guides, detailed instructions for six sequential assignments, grading rubrics, and a structured study guide template. Each assignment follows a rotating role system: students alternate between acting as “creators,” who draft definitions and examples for assigned terms, and “editors,” who provide feedback and refine content. Contributions are compiled in a shared doc or within the Brightspace LMS, culminating in a comprehensive, student-built study guide. The document serves as a model for faculty interested in using open educational resources to enhance student engagement and mastery of research methodologies
Liberalism and Lockdowns
No full textSome authors have argued that liberalism cannot support lockdowns because it cannot engage in collective welfare-type reasoning. Others have thought that liberalism can justify lockdown measures, but that legitimate lockdown measures must be based on pre-legal moral principles that set acceptable limits to the imposition of risk or forbid contributing to collective harm. In this essay, I assess the overall relationship between liberalism and lockdowns. Against the first interpretation of liberalism, I argue in favor of the idea that lockdowns can be justified by liberalism. Liberalism protects the liberty of each and so can presumably protect persons from some kinds of involuntary risks and collective harms. However, liberal governments need principles for determining when the imposition of risks or collective harms is unacceptable. Against the second interpretation of liberalism, I argue that these principles cannot be pre-legal moral duties but instead must be principles that are chosen through legal processes. I explain lockdown policies in terms of existing legal processes that set standards for the imposition of risk and the production of collective harms (negligence theory and cap and trade systems, respectively), but argue that these legal processes settle our moral duties only in the case we assume an authoritative state
UNDERSTANDING LONG COVID IN NATIONAL COMMUNITY-BASED COHORT: SYMPTOM CLUSTERS, SYMPTOM NATURAL HISTORY, AND VACCINE’S ROLE AS A PREVENTION TOOL
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), represents a growing public health concern with diverse symptom profiles, unclear risk factors, and evolving evidence on potential prevention strategies. Most studies of Long COVID have relied on electronic health records or convenience samples, which may underestimate mild or community-based cases and lack standardized follow-up, and often do not include pre-infection health information or complete infection histories. This dissertation leverages prospective data from a national community-based cohort to characterize the heterogeneity of Long COVID symptoms, assess symptom trajectories over time, and evaluate the effect of COVID-19 third dose vaccination on Long COVID risk.
METHODS: This dissertation includes three studies drawing on longitudinal data from the CHASING COVID Cohort Study, a prospective cohort initiated in March 2020. Participants completed repeated surveys and provided serology specimens across multiple time points. In the first study, unsupervised clustering methods were applied to identify distinct symptom subgroups among individuals with Long COVID, using longitudinal, self-reported symptom data from 3 to 12 months post-infection. In the second study, we used a target trial emulation (TTE) approach with inverse probability weighting to estimate the risk of developing specific symptom clusters—neurological, autonomic, and exercise intolerance—at 4–8 and 9–12 months post-infection, comparing symptoms between infected individuals and contemporaneously uninfected controls. In the third study, TTE with inverse probability weighting was used to estimate the effect of receiving at least a third COVID-19 dose—compared to receiving the primary series only—on the risk of developing Long COVID, accounting for baseline and time-varying confounders.
RESULTS: Clustering analyses identified three distinct longitudinal symptom burden trajectories—low, moderate, and high—capturing variability in number of symptoms and symptom prevalence. Overall Long COVID risk was higher among infected versus uninfected individuals at 4–8 months (aRD: 11.3% [95% CI: 9.2-13.5%]; aRR: 2.01 [95% CI: 1.81 – 2.20]) and 9–12 months (aRD: 6.7% [95% CI: 4.6-8.9%]; aRR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.37-1.72]). Neurological, autonomic, and exercise intolerance symptoms were significantly elevated among infected versus contemporaneously uninfected individuals across both follow-up periods, with adjusted risk differences (aRDs) ranging from 3.2% to 7.2% and adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) from 1.48 to 2.10. Receipt of a third vaccine dose was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in Long COVID risk at either 6 or 12 months compared to the primary series alone (aRD: -0.1%; 95% CI: -0.5% – 0.4%; aRR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.54 – 1.44 at 6 months; aRD: 0.4%; 95% CI: -0.5% – 1.4%; aRR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.90 – 1.33 at 12 months), suggesting limited additional protection among community-dwelling adults.
DISCUSSION: This dissertation provides robust evidence that Long COVID is a heterogeneous condition with distinct symptom phenotypes and prolonged impact on the health of community-based populations. By applying causal inference methods and prospective symptom tracking, this work advances the epidemiologic understanding of Long COVID and highlights the need for targeted evidence-based care strategies to specific symptom domains—such as cognitive dysfunction, autonomic symptoms, and post-exertional malaise—which may have different underlying mechanisms and treatment needs. While updated COVID-19 vaccination remains essential for preventing severe COVID-19, its added value in mitigating long-term sequelae appears limited, emphasizing the need for complementary preventive and therapeutic strategies. Together, these findings inform clinical practice, public health planning, and future research on post-viral syndromes
Disentangling the effect of criminal legal system involvement on mental health in the United States
No full textBACKGROUND: Interactions with the criminal legal system (CLS), such as through arrest or incarceration, are relatively common in the United States (US) and are increasingly recognized as social risk factors for poor mental health. Previous studies have reported a positive association between CLS involvement and poor mental health, with some theoretical frameworks, including the ecosocial theory and the stress process paradigm, supporting a plausible causal relationship. However, prior research has significant limitations in providing casual evidence given possible reverse causation in cross-sectional studies and insufficient consideration for the dynamics between CLS exposures, mental health status, and related confounders over time (i.e., potential bias from treatment-confounder feedback). Further, the relationship between CLS involvement and mental health may vary by social position but has been rarely explored using the intersectionality framework. This dissertation was undertaken to address the methodological shortcomings in prior research to examine the effects of CLS involvement on mental health and to further explore the intersectionality of the heterogeneity of the effects.
METHODS: This dissertation comprised three studies analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), an ongoing national cohort of youth in the US who were born between 1980 and 1984. In Aim 1, I implemented sequence analysis to analyze annual measures of CLS involvement status to identify longitudinal patterns of CLS involvement from 12 to 31 years of age. Bivariate associations between the identified patterns and mental health and related risk factors were examined. In Aim 2, I used the parametric g-formula to estimate the effects of CLS involvement on severe depressive symptoms and self-reported mental health problems (primary outcomes) as well as binge drinking (secondary outcome) among a subset of NLSY97 respondents followed every two years between 2000 and 2010. The effects were quantified by the differences in the outcome risks under the natural course of CLS involvement versus an intervention of removing CLS involvement (intervention 1: removing both arrests and incarceration; intervention 2: removing incarceration only). Aim 3 shared a similar methodology as Aim 2. I first conducted latent class analysis to identify intersectional social strata based on baseline indicators for social class, socioeconomic status, and other factors related to experiences of hardships and marginalization. I then conducted stratified parametric g-formula analysis to obtain risk differences resulting from the removal of arrest and incarceration within each of the identified social strata. The effect estimates between the most privileged stratum and each of the other disadvantaged strata were then compared.
RESULTS: In Aim 1, four distinct longitudinal patterns of CLS involvement were identified from sequence analysis among those ever involved, ranging from scattered to heavy involvement. Findings indicate unique mental health profiles by trajectory of CLS involvement. Individuals with moderate or heavy involvement showed higher burden of severe depressive symptoms, especially at adolescence but not at later adulthood, and early-age mental health risk factors than those not or less involved. Findings from Aim 2 indicate negative but modest effects of CLS involvement on mental health. Under a hypothetical intervention of removing arrests and incarcerations from the study population, the risks for severe depressive symptoms and mental health problems decreased by 0.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.8, -0.04) and 0.6 (95% CI: -1.0, -0.3) percentage points (pp), respectively. The intervention also lowered the risk for binge drinking behaviors by 0.6pp (95% CI: -1.2, -0.04). Such reductions were likely attributable to the removal of arrests given that incarceration was rare in the study population. Removal of incarceration alone did not affect the outcome risks. In Aim 3, latent class analysis identified one relatively privileged stratum comprising mostly White non-Hispanic people of high socioeconomic status (SES) residing in two-parent households and three relatively disadvantaged strata. The disadvantaged stratum of predominantly low-SES mother of color had a 1.9pp (95% CI: -3.3, -0.08) reduction in the risk of mental health problems, and the disadvantaged stratum comprising mostly low-SES Black non-Hispanic people residing in single-parent households had a 1.4pp (95% CI: -2.7, -0.3) reduction in the risk for binge drinking, but no impacts were seen in other strata or outcomes. These risk reductions, however, were not statistically different from the ones observed among the privileged stratum.
DISCUSSION: My findings demonstrate longitudinal variations in CLS involvement among American youth transitioning to early adulthood and indicate an association between longitudinal involvement pattern and early-age mental health-related characteristics, suggesting possible pre-existing mental health risks among people more severely involved with the CLS over the life course and nuanced dynamics between CLS exposures and mental health. The application of the parametric g-formula, which accounted for the dynamic relationships between CLS exposures, mental health status, and related confounders over time, suggest small harms to mental health from CLS involvement via primarily arrests, and some of which may be manifested through binge drinking behaviors. My findings support the hypothesis that there is a causal association between CLS involvement and poorer mental health, highlighting the importance of addressing health disparities experienced by the CLS-involved population through public health programming. This dissertation also offers insight into the heterogeneity of mental health impact from CLS involvement by demonstrating some variation by intersectional social strata and potential inequities among individuals occupying multiple disadvantaged statuses. The lack of statistical evidence about differential impacts of CLS involvement between privileged and more disadvantaged strata warrants further investigation from future studies. Overall, this dissertation underscores poorer mental health experienced by the CLS-involved population and, given the root of CLS involvement in structural racism, adds to the literature of racial equity
Constructing a teaching identity that centers a multilingual stance using digital literacies
Get PDFThroughout their preparation programs, bilingual education teacher candidates (TCs) are asked to develop a “multilingual stance” (Garcia et al, 2017) which emphasizes valuing their own and their students’ multilingualism and linguistic diversity (Morea & Fisher, 2023; Duek & Nilsberth, 2022), as well as planning and implementing culturally and linguistically responsive lessons. Our study sought to understand whether and how taking part in computing and digital literacies (CDL) integrated teacher education activities could support TCs to develop this multilingual stance. Objectives and significance Authors of this poster teach three courses that span the course sequence of study in a Pre-K to Grade 6 teacher preparation program. TCs complete a language foundations course, those who pursue the Bilingual Extension (BLE) certification complete a language methodology course and all TCs complete a teaching seminar either as an intern or student teacher. We sought to understand how, if at all, teacher educators’ CDL-integrated activities helped TCs cultivate their multilingual stances. Our research also investigates in what ways TCs\u27 multilingual stances surfaced in the CDL artifacts they produced. Theoretical framework Literature shows there is an opportunity for CDLs to play a role in supporting teacher candidates to learn about and take up equitable teaching practices (CUNY CITE Equity Working Group, 2023) and specifically a multilingual stance (Vogel et al., 2023). CDLs can support TCs to promote creativity through digital storytelling (Çetin, 2021; Kolano-Sanczyk, 2021) to engage in computing-enhanced textual analysis (Lynch, 2023), to question language ideologies of tools (Vogel, 2021), to promote multimodal reflection among pre-service TCs (Price-Dennis et al., 2015; de Jong & Gao, 2022;) and to design family communications in culturally responsive ways (Song, 2022). Data and methods Data includes three sources: the CDL activity’s instructions; a descriptive narrative about implementation from each course instructor, and TC work samples. Activities engaged TCs in three ways: using the programming environment Scratch to craft a family workshop; using Scratch to tell the history of your first name; and creating a video essay to self-reflect and discuss teaching in the student teaching seminar. Participating investigators employed a collaborative descriptive inquiry (CDI) methodology (Carini, 2011) to understand instructor practices and TC attitudes about multilingualism. Results We observed two initial themes across data related to our two research questions. Linguistic insecurity existed among our TCs - this manifested as a large number choosing to use a computer generated voice rather than record their own in their digital storytelling projects speaking to families. TCs self-reflected in their video essays on culturally responsive techniques often without mention of linguistic practices in a (CR-SE) (NYCDOE, 2019). The results from this study examine how the TCs’ audience: families, colleagues, and/or classroom students impacts attention to reflecting on language use as a cultural practice. TCs computing and digital integrated artifacts helped reveal the kinds of unlearning students might have to do around language as much as what they learned about developing a multilingual stance. Implications directly address the field as well as the Early Childhood and Childhood programs at our institution
Problems with Authority: The Political Theory of Neoconservative Political Science
No full textScholars typically understand the rise of the modern Right in the US during the latter half of the twentieth century as, mutatis mutandis, a period when democracy was curtailed and social hierarchies were reinforced under the aegis of preserving free markets, personal liberty, and moral order. “Problems with Authority” tells a different story about democracy in the neoliberal era. It centers on a set of neoconservative political scientists who sought to teach conservatives how to build broad political coalitions and govern over increasingly diverse populations. Neoconservatives offered the Right a counter-theory of democracy to challenge welfare liberalism and reasons to remake and even expand the state to serve conservative purposes. This dissertation shows how long before neoconservatives became notorious for their disastrous schemes to bring democracy to the Middle East, they emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an intellectual movement dedicated to restoring democracy to American cities.
The first generation of neoconservative political scientists, like Edward C. Banfield, James Q. Wilson, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, were internal critics of Great Society liberalism. Accusing welfare technocrats of eroding traditional relations of authority essential for social cohesion and cultivating capacities for self-rule, they diagnosed the urban crisis rattling American cities as, at root, a crisis of authority, not one of material deprivation, as liberals believed. Over four chapters, “Problems with Authority” tracks the advance of neoconservative political thought from its critical break with the political episteme of welfare liberalism to the development of its own theory of social behavior and political rule. The dissertation argues that neoconservative political theory is, at its core, an Aristotelian theory of social reproduction, which posits that habituating traditional relations of and deference to authority is the key to engendering the political sensibilities necessary for a mass democracy. This materialistic theory of authority remains at the center of the conservative approach to governance today
Quantum Entanglement Correlations in the Proton on the Light-Front
Get PDFIn this work we gather results on information theory applied to proton tomography. We start by analyzing the quantum entanglement of momentum, spin-flavor, and color degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) in the leading valence-quark state of the proton on the light front using standard information theoretical tools, leveraging model wavefunctions by Brodsky and Schlumpf to obtain numerical predictions. Light-cone perturbation theory allows us to introduce the one-gluon correction in the sub-leading Fock state and study the entanglement of the gluonic d.o.f. We find weak entanglement in the spatial d.o.f. of the valence quarks, and significantly stronger entanglement in the analogous d.o.f. of the gluon. We then shift gears to the analysis of quantum correlations between specific degrees of freedom. We introduce and study an algorithm that uses entanglement negativity to identify and remove correlations due to entanglement between two d.o.f., then apply it to various aspects of the proton state. We first study quark azimuthal correlations and find a low entropy state with strong quantum correlations, in the sense that removing these correlations has a significant effect on quark pair azimuthal moments. Finally we turn to correlations between quark momentum fractions and numerically identify strong quantum correlations at asymmetric and small x in our model. We perform one step of QCD scale evolution on the entire density matrix and find these quantum correlations now manifest at nearly symmetric momentum fractions
Understanding Why Individuals Maltreated as Children Do Not Retrospectively Self-Report
Get PDFIndividuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment who do not retrospectively self-report these childhood experiences demonstrate better emotional and psychological outcomes in adulthood. Understanding why these individuals do not retrospectively self-report is important for the development of effective interventions focused on mitigating the long-term consequences of maltreatment. The current study compared maltreated individuals who did not retrospectively self-report (O-R group) to those who did retrospectively self-report (O+R group) to examine theoretical explanations related to intentional nondisclosure (i.e., social desirability and discomfort during the interview) and memory processes (i.e. infantile amnesia, use of mental health services, avoidant coping strategies, and deliberate suppression). Women in the O-R group experienced maltreatment at a significantly younger age than women in the O+R group, providing preliminary support for the theory of infantile amnesia. Women in the O-R group also endorsed using avoidant coping less frequently than women in the O+R group. Together, these findings suggest that maltreated women fail to retrospectively self-report due to a genuine unawareness of past maltreatment experiences. For individuals in the Black, Hispanic, and Other group, the O-R group demonstrated significantly greater social desirability compared to the O+R group, providing support for the theory of intentional nondisclosure. In the overall sample, the O+R group reported greater discomfort during the interview and more mental health service use compared to the O-R group, consistent with the larger literature on the negative psychological and emotional outcomes associated with subjective reports of childhood maltreatment. Findings emphasize the critical role of memory in retrospective self-reports and provide initial support for the role of infantile amnesia among maltreated women. In addition, these findings highlight the persistent stigma associated with childhood maltreatment and suggest that intentional nondisclosure due to social desirability plays an important role in retrospective reporting, particularly among individuals from minority racial and ethnic backgrounds. Implications in terms of theory, social and legal policies, and intervention strategies are discussed
Unpaired Virtual Histological Staining of Tissue from Autofluorescence Using Regularized Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks
Get PDFWe present a regularized CycleGAN with a Dense Residual U-Net to virtually stain autofluorescence images of tissue into H&E-like images. Our method outperforms standard architectures, reduces artifacts, and achieves superior FID scores, enabling efficient, label-free, and accurate digital pathology for unpaired datasets using multi-channel fluorescence inputs