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Regional Security and the Challenges of Democratisation in Africa: The Case of ECOWAS and SADC
Get PDFIn recent years, African leaders have aggressively sought to strengthen their regional security structures while simultaneously attempting to democratise. Although they recognise that African regional organisations will need to assume a greater role in tackling Africa\u27s security problems, the challenges posed by on-going democratisation efforts have had a visible impact on the effectiveness of some regional organisations. This article examines the challenges that democratisation poses to regional collective security arrangements in Africa, with specific reference to ECOWAS and SADC. It argues that whilst the inclination to democratise has influenced the establishment of new collective security structures, the superficial nature of the changes have prevented the gains at the structural level to be translated to meaningful practice on the ground. Nevertheless, some progress has been made
Pre-intervention Trust-building, African States and Enforcing the Peace
Get PDFThis article is concerned with examining the dynamics of trust-building in a pre-intervention context.\u27 Specifically, it will analyse the concept of trustbuilding prior to the ECOWAS humanitarian interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone, although the general thrust of my argument will no doubt apply to other African interventions.\u27 Humanitarian intervention can be taken to mean: Intervention in a state involving the use of force (U.N. action in Iraq and Somalia or ECOWAS action in Liberia and Sierra Leone) or threat of force (U.N. action in Haiti), where the intervenor deploys armed forces and, at the least, makes clear that it is willing to use force if its operation is resisted-as it attempts to alleviate conditions in which a substantial part of the population of a state is threatened with death or suffering on a grand scale.\u27 Within this context, trust-building should be seen as the pre-intervention political processes that seek to demonstrate, assess and verify the predictability of behaviour of all parties to a given conflict, and forecast the consequences of that behaviour with respect to political outcomes (the probability that an intervention will succeed)? In this sense, a viable pre-intervention trust-building scheme should seek to proffer all parties to a conflict, including the de jure government, factional leaders, civilian populace and humanitarian enforcers (herein relevant parties), a transparent and detailed overview of the political, legal and operational significance and ramifications of intervention. This does not necessarily mean that trust will emanate amongst the relevant parties by following this approach, nor that the conflicting parties would favour or support intervention if this method were followed, but only that they may attain a confident expectation that the intended operation is not ill-intended nor illegitimate. Simply stated, my thesis is as follows: Pre-intervention trustbuilding can determine post-intervention operational outcomes and the extent to which a humanitarian enforcement operation may succeed.\u27 Hence, I argue that the primary reason why the Liberian mission encountered many more problems than the one in Sierra Leone is due in part to the degree of preintervention trust-building that took place
Virgil Darnell Hawkins 1906 - 1988 Florida\u27s Rosa Parks T-shirt
No full textThis T-shirt was created to raise awareness about Virgil Hawkins’ legacy and to raise funds for a proposed Virgil Hawkins monument at the University of Florida. Harley Herman, Mr. Hawkins’ champion, coined the phrase “Florida’s Rosa Parks” at a 1999 Ceremonial session of the Florida Supreme commemorating the 50th anniversary of Mr. Hawkins’ lawsuit to gain admission to the University of Florida law school.https://commons.law.famu.edu/hawkins-photos/1005/thumbnail.jp
Women in the New Millennium: The Promises of the Past are Now the Problems for the Millennium
Get PDFIn this Article, I will explore the roles of women and the expectations that society maintains for them in the past and the expectations for the present and future. As we enter the millennium, the courts appear to administer the law in the same way as laws were administered prior to the women\u27s rights movement. Judges appear to implement notions of equal rights while society attaches the notions of the difference group without any special treatment for the dual roles. Something interesting appears to be happening to the dual roles of women. There is one standard stating that women must work, and yet another standard suggesting that women are to be caregivers following the traditional notions of caring and nurturing their youth, even though the work standard has pushed them out of the home. What is a woman to do? Part I of this Article focuses on how the laws have adapted to the differing perspectives of women\u27s roles that were launched within the feminist movement. I will also present the promises that women were given by society. Part II of the Article examines the problems facing women as we enter the millennium. Finally, Part III considers various recommendations to address these problems. It is my contention that the problems women are facing will persist, if they are not remedied, in part, from the promises presented during the feminist movement. Three dominant themes: culture, sameness (the equality principle), and dominance, emerged during the feminist movement. Newly enacted statutes, rules of law, and judicial opinions focused on one of those themes, the equality principle. Supreme Court decisions resting on the equality principle have often involved men as plaintiffs or men as injured parties rather than women. The equality principle, however, did not enhance the status of women but actually hindered women and enhanced the status of men
Virgil Darnell Hawkins 1906 - 1988 Florida\u27s Rosa Parks T-shirt
No full textThis T-shirt was created to raise awareness about Virgil Hawkins’ legacy and to raise funds for a proposed Virgil Hawkins monument at the University of Florida. Harley Herman, Mr. Hawkins’ champion, coined the phrase “Florida’s Rosa Parks” at a 1999 Ceremonial session of the Florida Supreme commemorating the 50th anniversary of Mr. Hawkins’ lawsuit to gain admission to the University of Florida law school.https://commons.law.famu.edu/hawkins-photos/1004/thumbnail.jp
The Indentured Servants of Academia: The Adjunct Faculty Dilemma and Their Limited Legal Remedies
Get PDFIn this half of the twentieth century, the academic equivalent of the indentured servant is the adjunct faculty member in higher education. Adjuncts cannot say or do much about their plight. The dilemma of adjunct faculty leads to what should be considered a violation of due process rights. This Article first examines who are the adjunct faculty, what are their dilemmas, and how are they viewed in the academic world. The heart of the paper then explores the limited legal remedies available. The essential problems of lack of due process and minimal protection through collective bargaining and contractual agreements are examined with an eye toward some suggested approaches to improve the plight of adjunct faculty
City Beautiful: Establishing Community Redevelopment Areas in Florida
No full textThis report is a general overview of the procedure to undertake community redevelopment under the Act, identifying nine steps from the initial decision to consider establishing a CRA through the amendment process. However, it is not a substitute for a thorough review of the Act and the case law construing it. Moreover, individual approaches should be tailored to the community seeking to establisha CRA, under the careful guidance of local counsel and professional planners
Multicultural Participation in the Public Hearing Process: Some Theoretical, Pragmatical, and Analeptical Considerations
Get PDFIdeally, public participation in rule-making leads to better rules. Failure to involve the public obviously dilutes or vitiates democracy in crucial ways. This Article will discuss the hearing process of administrative rule-making, and ways that agencies can accommodate multi-cultural differences so as to improve both access to participation and the efficacy of that participation. Specifically, this paper will discuss the environmental justice movement. Part II of this Article places participation problems in context by looking at specific issues of environmental equity in the rule-making process. Part III examines the need to expand public participation as a desirable goal, discusses obstacles minorities face in participating in the rule-making process, and applies the Administrative Procedure Act to the goals of participation. Part IV addresses some theoretical and practical concerns of the efforts by EPA to expand public participation. Part V offers some possible means by which minorities may be included in the process more effectively
Virgil Darnell Hawkins 1906 - 1988 Florida\u27s Rosa Parks T-shirt
No full textThis T-shirt was created to raise awareness about Virgil Hawkins’ legacy and to raise funds for a proposed Virgil Hawkins monument at the University of Florida. Harley Herman, Mr. Hawkins’ champion, coined the phrase “Florida’s Rosa Parks” at a 1999 Ceremonial session of the Florida Supreme commemorating the 50th anniversary of Mr. Hawkins’ lawsuit to gain admission to the University of Florida law school.https://commons.law.famu.edu/hawkins-photos/1003/thumbnail.jp