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Research on supply and demand of container port handling capacity—Taking Yangshan harbor area of Shanghai port as an example
Get PDFComparison of port climate change adaptation strategy and climate change mitigation strategy based on the case study of Shanghai port
Get PDFCap-and-trade or subsidy? governments’ policy selection on emission reduction for maritime industry
Get PDFInvestment value analysis of China\u27s participation in port projects along the 21st century maritime
Get PDFMaritime remote inspection technology in hull survey & inspection: A synopsis of liability issues from a European Union context
No full textVessel hull inspection is a regulatory obligation. Adherence to procedural requirements forged by classification societies helps avoid numerous adverse consequences. In this era of technological innovation, drones, crawlers and underwater submersibles, aptly known as Remote Inspection Technologies, represent emerging technologies, and are being tested to conduct surveys and inspections that will gradually replace human presence on board ships and in-water. However, counter arguments have also emerged against the usage of these AI-based alternatives. Liability is one crucial drawback that could potentially discourage innovation and market growth, especially at the European Union level. Ship owners require a ”safety net” as they are a part and parcel of global commerce. Then again, survey and inspection via technologies require the involvement of multiple actors, which makes it difficult to apportion liability. Solutions are required, especially at the European Union level, so that member states could move forward in a spirit of partnership, and nurture and foster technological innovation through partnership. Against the foregoing, this article delves into the European Union liability landscape and outlines some of the critical challenges and strategic ways forward for consideration
Can Market-based Measures Stimulate Investments in Green Technologies for the Abatement of GHG Emissions from Shipping? A Review of Proposed Market-based Measures
Get PDFIn order for the maritime sector to align itself with the targets set by the Paris Agreement, it should reduce its GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 with the ultimate aim to phase them out entirely. It is along these lines that in April 2018 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) developed a strategy, consisting of a range of potential technical and operational measures to reduce GHG emissions from international shipping, ranking from improvements on ship design to the employment of alternative fuels. In order to stimulate the adoption of these policies, the IMO also considers the implementation of market-based measures (MBM) that will provide additional incentives to shipowners to invest in new technologies and uptake of cleaner fuels. The MBMs analysed in this paper include two different policies proposed by different countries and associations for the abatement of GHG emissions from shipping: a) the International Fund for GHG emissions from ships that includes the imposition of a global levy on marine bunker fuel for all vessels and b) the Maritime Emission Trading System (METS) that requires all maritime companies to buy/sell emission allowances to meet their annual emission reductions targets, setting a cap on global shipping emissions. This paper presents and analyses these two diverse MBMs, highlighting their main advantages and drawbacks. The scope of this paper is to investigate the potential of these MBMs to incentivise investments in new technologies and alternative fuels, both essential for the decarbonisation of the maritime sector
Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production from Imported Green Ammonia: A Korea Case Study
No full textTo decarbonise the transportation sector, South Korea is looking forward to evaluate possible cross-regional hydrogen supply pathways to meet the future hydrogen demand and reduce carbon emissions to ‘zero’ under Paris agreement by 2050. The use of ammonia as hydrogen carrier to meet hydrogen demands is under consideration and the goal of this paper is to evaluate environmental aspects of green hydrogen production from green ammonia imported from Australia. In the present work, a cradle to gate life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from imported green ammonia imported is carried out by using commericial life cycle assessment software Simapro. The scope of life cycle assessment includes; green ammonia production in Australia, shipping to South Korea, ammonia transportation from port to hydrogen refuelling stations in Korea, and hydrogen production through catalytic craking of ammonia. Mass and energy balance data obtained from process flow modelling are used as an input for life cycle assessment. In terms of energy consumption, hydrogen production through water electrolysis consume more than 90% of total power while ammonia synthesis only consume 5.5%. The results of life cycle assessment show that transportation of the green ammonia was the major contributor having 95% of total CO2 emissions while hydrogen production through water electrolysis was producing about 4.5% of total carbon emissions. This study reveals that considering environmental sustainability, using imported green ammonia is not a viable option until transportation fuel is replaced with an environmental friendly fuel. However, if marine fuel is replaced by a green fuel it can further reduce the transport related emissions turning this case into a viable option to meet the hydrogen related demands
Maritime Robotics and Autonomous Systems Operations: Exploring Pathways for Overcoming International Techno-Regulatory Data Barriers
Get PDFThe current regulatory landscape that applies to maritime service robotics, aptly termed as robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), is quite complex. When it comes to patents, there are multifarious considerations in relation to vessel survey, inspection, and maintenance processes under national and international law. Adherence is challenging, given that the traditional delivery methods are viewed as unsafe, strenuous, and laborious. Service robotics, namely micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) or drones, magnetic-wheeled crawlers (crawlers), and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), function by relying on the architecture of the Internet of Robotic Things. The aforementioned are being introduced as time-saving apparatuses, accompanied by the promise to acquire concrete and sufficient data for the identification of vessel structural weaknesses with the highest level of accuracy to facilitate decision-making processes upon which temporary and permanent measures are contingent. Nonetheless, a noticeable critical issue associated with RAS effective deployment revolves around non-personal data governance, which comprises the main analytical focus of this research effort. The impetus behind this study stems from the need to enquire whether “data” provisions within the realm of international technological regulatory (techno-regulatory) framework is sufficient, well organized, and harmonized so that there are no current or future conflicts with promulgated theoretical dimensions of data that drive all subject matter-oriented actions. As is noted from the relevant expository research, the challenges are many. Engineering RAS to perfection is not the end-all and be-all. Collateral impediments must be avoided. A safety net needs to be devised to protect non-personal data. The results here indicate that established data decision dimensions call for data security and protection, as well as a consideration of ownership and liability details. An analysis of the state-of-the-art and the comparative results assert that the abovementioned remain neglected in the current international setting. The findings reveal specific data barriers within the existing international framework. The ways forward include strategic actions to remove data barriers towards overall efficacy of maritime RAS operations. The overall findings indicate that an effective transition to RAS operations requires optimizing the international regulatory framework for opening the pathways for effective RAS operations. Conclusions were drawn based on the premise that policy reform is inevitable in order to push the RAS agenda forward before the emanation of 6G and the era of the Internet of Everything, with harmonization and further standardization being very high priority issues
Big data management in the shipping industry : examining strengths vs weaknesses and highlighting relevant business opportunities
Get PDFHistory testifies that there is a dialectic relationship between humans and technology. Especially during the last couple of decades, the shipping industry has benefitted from a very extended number of advanced technology innovations. Today, all systems supporting the conduct of navigation and the various information technology (IT) applications related to ship management activities are heavily reliant upon (almost) real-time information to safely/effectively fulfil their allocated tasks. As a result, truly vast quantities of data -which are often described as “Big Data” in the wider literature- are created and the issue of how to effectively manage all the associated information is clearly standing out. Furthermore, topics such as optimising the conduct of all relevant activities on-board the vessel at sea, identifying the right opportunities in order to further promote business and boost profits, or even contributing to the numerous elements of sustainability by achieving reductions in energy consumption and/or a better environmental footprint for shipping, should all be researched further. Considering the quite limited capacity of the human brain to process really enormous quantities of data in comparison to modern computers, the trend to use advanced software tools for extracting and processing the “right” information that is often hidden in the vast pool of Big Data, as well as relying on advanced techniques and algorithms to perform the relevant statistical analysis becomes quite obvious. The purpose of this paper, which follows a qualitative approach working in unison with a “Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats” (SWOT) analysis, is to identify and briefly discuss the most relevant tools and techniques that are associated with Big Data Management. It will also clearly highlight the various benefits that are opening up and will try to explain the notion behind this transition to a new era, characterized by the term “smart shipping”. A very important conclusion is that the exploitation of Big Data and the role of certain software applications in accessing and managing this large volume of information are key factors for improving/optimising the conduct of ship operations and management; establishment of a “Data Driven Culture” within a shipping company can clearly improve the current business model and at the same time promote sustainabilit
Communicative competence and autoremote operations
Get PDFThis paper juxtaposes the communicative needs of the future with the good old concept of communicative competence. Communicative competence, as an STCW requirement for seafarers, is a key notion for Maritime English teaching. New operational functions and concepts are introduced, or existing ones are adapted, for the needs of autonomous and remotely operated (autoremote) vessels. The paper investigates the language requirements within the autoremote operation framework to check if these are covered by the yardstick (STCW) and the standardization tool (SMCP) used in Maritime English. The “remote navigator” needs to reach a good level of “remote situational awareness” through automated remote monitoring, but can resort to two-way communication for navigation functions. What linguistic skills are needed on the part of shore-based seafarers to be able to keep operations within “minimum risk condition”? Experts involved in autoremote design projects and those setting standards through class guidelines find that upgraded ship-to-shore communication is required and appropriate responses must be assured through interaction techniques, but these have not been delineated so far. The paper reviews the discourse used by those setting the foundations of ship autonomy so as to investigate to what degree communicative needs in shore-based seafaring are reckoned with