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Coding a Co-Writer: Creating and Collaborating with a Bespoke Language Model
No full textIn the last decade, developments in the fields of machine learning and natural language processing have resulted in the production of increasingly complex text-generation programs like OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Anthropic’s Claude. These programs, often referred to as large language models (LLMs), are driven by complex layers of algorithms that are trained upon enormous sets of textual data to create statistical models that can output text which closely resembles the human writing they have been trained upon. While creative writers including Kate Mildenhall and Sean Michaels have experimented with the use of LLMs in their work, there is an increasing awareness of the ethical issues posed by LLMs, many of which are trained on copyrighted work without consent or compensation. As the transformer models that LLMs are built upon necessarily require ever-increasing amounts of text for marginal improvements, the ethical problems associated with generative AI language models are unlikely to be resolved in the near future. Yet LLMs are not the only way to experiment with machine learning and writing; more basic language models provide the opportunity to explore the relationship between language and narrative and to trouble and interrogate creative texts. This paper will outline and reflect upon the process of coding a bespoke neural network and training it on a small dataset consisting only of drafts of a novel manuscript in an iterative, cyclical process in which the output of the language model informs the creative work, and the creative work shapes the development of the language model
Organizational and service support for boys' pathways out of commercial sexual exploitation in Nepal: Key learning for an under-recognized population
No full textBoys are a group who experience commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) but are often less visible than girls with the same experience. There is limited evidence regarding the experiences of organizational support from the perspectives of boys with CSE experience. This study, conducted in Kathmandu, Nepal, adopted a mixed-method approach, combining data from actor mapping, survey, and in-depth case studies. It explores (1) what services are available for boys with CSE experience; (2) how services help boys to exit the commercial sex sector; and (3) what the future service needs are for boys with CSE experience. In our sample, most of the boys who had been involved in the CSE industry as minors, identified themselves as sexual minorities. The findings suggest that despite the inadequacy of the services available for boys with CSE experience, around half of the boys who successfully exited the industry reported that support from non-governmental organization (NGOs) was crucial to their pathways out. The findings indicate the continuity of follow-up services is needed. This study underscores the importance of organizational and service support. It highlights ongoing needs regarding economic determinants. This study sheds light on future NGO service programme development and policy initiatives on protecting boys with CSE experience
Incidence and risk factors for travellers’ diarrhoea among short-term international adult travellers from high-income countries: a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies
No full textIntroduction: Travellers’ diarrhoea (TD) continues to be the most common travel-related medical event in international travellers. Updated incidence and risk factor data will improve pre-travel medical advice for travellers from high-income countries (HICs), providing an opportunity for disease prevention and appropriate disease management.
Methods: A systematic search for cohort studies of TD incidence published between 1 January 1997 and 2 March 2023 was performed using Ovid Medline, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases. Study quality was assessed with a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). We extracted incidence data for adults travelling less than 100 days from HIC and available risk factor data. The overall random-effects pooled incidence and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, tau and the 95% prediction intervals. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify the sources of heterogeneity. Risk factor studies were reviewed qualitatively and described.
Results: Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis, containing 8478 participants. Two of the studies measured as high quality and eight as good quality as assessed by the modified NOS. The TD incidence was 36.1% (95% CI 24–41%; I2 94%), with a prediction interval ranging from 20.3 to 55.8%. The pooled incidence of mild, moderate and severe TD was 23.6, 8.1 and 2.9%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence increased with increasing average data collection period. Risk factors for TD in travellers from HIC identified include younger age, longer travel periods, low and middle-income destinations, travelling for tourism, backpacking travel styles and pre-travel health status.
Conclusion
It is estimated that between 20 and 56% of international travellers can expect to develop TD in travel of under 100 days. While most cases are mild, ~3% of all travellers will experience a disease that prevents usual activities or requires medical attention
The prevalence of incivility in hospitals and the effects of incivility on patient safety culture and outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAim: Workplace incivility is a barrier to safe and high-quality patient care in nursing workplaces and more broadly in tertiary hospitals. The present study aims to systematically review the existing evidence to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of co-worker incivility experienced and witnessed by nurses and other healthcare professionals, the effects of incivility on patient safety culture (PSC) and patient outcomes, and the factors which mediate the relationship between incivility and patient safety.
Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis and meta-analysis was undertaken to synthesize the data from 41 studies.
Data Sources: Databases searched included MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, PsycInfo, ProQuest, Emcare and Embase. Searches were conducted on 17 August 2021 and repeated on 15 March 2023.
Results: The pooled prevalence of experienced incivility was 25.0%. The pooled prevalence of witnessed incivility was 30.1%. Workplace incivility was negatively associated with the PSC domains of teamwork, reporting patient safety events, organization learning/improvement, management support for safety, leadership, communication openness and communication about error. The composite pooled effect size of incivility on these domains of PSC was OR = 0.590, 95% CI [0.515, 0.676]. Workplace incivility was associated with a range of patient safety outcomes (PSOs) including near misses, adverse events, reduced procedural and diagnostic performance, medical error and mortality. State depletion, profession, psychological responses to incivility,
information sharing, help seeking, workload and satisfaction with organizational communication were found to mediate the relationship between incivility and patient safety.
Conclusion: Experienced and witnessed incivility is prevalent in tertiary hospitals and has a deleterious effect on PSC and PSOs. A better understanding of the mechanisms of this relationship will support the development of interventions aimed at reducing both incivility and patient harm.
Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Impact: This study quantifies the effect of incivility on PSC and outcomes. It provides support that interventions focusing on incivility are a valuable mechanism for improving patient care. It guides intervention design by highlighting which domains of PSC are most associated with incivility. It explores the profession-specific experiences of workplace incivility.
Reporting Method: This report adheres to PRISMA reporting guidelines.
Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. The focus of this study is the nursing and healthcare workforce, therefore, patient or public involvement not required
Affective Ambush: An Autotheoretical Approach to Understanding Emotions as Useful to the Research Process
No full textThis essay considers the use of emotions in life narrative research. Using autotheory the authors recount and reflect on their experiences of a phenomenon they are tentatively calling ‘affective ambush’, wherein during the course of research the researcher unexpectedly experiences significantly heightened affect—or ‘big feelings’—stimulated by research materials. Drawing on Sarah Ahmed, they position sites of affective ambush as feminist spaces of encounter that yield rich data accessible through embodied modes of enquiry such as autotheory and autocriticism. As such, in this essay they seek to trouble and problematise the dominant detached and ‘objective’ academic position, and investigate how moving outside of this paradigm has unique implications for scholars of life narrative, trauma and grief. They propose instances of ‘affective ambush’ as sources of affective information that, if integrated into the research process, can reveal new insights about the texts and subjects that we investigate as life narrative scholars
Effects of Mortality Salience and Religion on Aggression
No full textThe current study aimed to examine the effects of mortality salience (MS) and religion on aggression. Participants were 120 students (58.3% females; 73.3% with religion) from a private university in Singapore. They were randomly assigned to either the MS condition or the control condition, asked to remember a time when they were deeply hurt or offended by a person, and provided an opportunity for revenge by sticking pins into a voodoo doll that represented the person. The results showed that participants in the MS condition inserted a significantly higher number of pins into the voodoo doll than participants in the control condition. However, this effect was not moderated by religion and extent of belief in God. Limitations include the consideration of participants with religion as one group for data analysis. Future research directions include recruiting a larger and more diverse group of participants
Beyond generic support: Contextual influences on careers of gender and sexuality diverse groups in higher education
No full textDespite the emerging attention to career development for gender and/or sexuality diverse (GSD) students, the literature is largely limited to generic support, missing a specific focus on either careers or being GSD. Such a generic view about contextual influences makes it difficult to guide the design and implementation of concrete, feasible practices for supporting GSD students' careers. Extending the existing body of work, this study employed qualitative methods to explore more specific, nuanced contextual factors within the university setting that influence GSD students' career development. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 Australian university students who self-identified as GSD. Our findings report seven major themes that could explain the influence of university contexts on the career development and experiences of GSD students. These themes include generic mentoring not always being useful, the negative effects of framing diversity as a “risk,” small things that can foster a sense of safety, the importance of designated areas and resources, the importance of advice on safe workplaces and being authentic at work, the importance of the visibility of key people, and the need for intersectional support. In addition to unpacking the influence of unique contextual features, these findings contribute to the extension of existing career frameworks such as the career self-management model into GSD contexts. Our results also shed light on detailed, implementable practical solutions for universities, career counselors, and psychologists to support the career development of GSD students
Sun safety in young Queensland adults: behaviours, knowledge, and responses to health-based and appearance-based text messages.
No full textObjective: High melanoma rates in Queensland, Australia suggest that sun protection campaign message content may require revision. The aim of this experimental study was to explore young Queensland adults’ sun-related exposure and knowledge level, before investigating the effectiveness of five text health messages at improving sun protection intentions.
Methods: Ninety-five young adults aged 17 to 24 years participated in the study. Most intervention content was modelled on Protection Motivation Theory. The texts allowed for the comparison of fear appeals with and without efficacy messages, health-versus appearance-based messages, and the exploration of understudied, appearance-based message content alluding to melanoma surgery scarring.
Results: Proportionally, significantly more females (60.34%) sunbathed compared to males [26.47%, χ2 (1, n = 92) = 8.55, p = .003, phi = -.33], and females (M = 16.03) had significantly greater knowledge levels than males [M = 12.81, t(89), -.3.99, p < .001, η2 = .01]. There was no difference between health and appearance-based messages on participants’ sun protection intentions as assessed by the Protection Motivation Theory χ2 (5, n = 94) = 2.97, p = .704.
Conclusions: Future research should contribute to the debates surrounding fear appeals and health-versus appearance-based messages with different communication modalities. Health promotion campaigns on sun protection should target message content to audiences
Toward a more pre-emptive approach to managing work emotions and emotional labor
No full textPurpose:
To propound a broadened perspective on emotional labor management by exploring mitigatory approaches that could be pre-emptively deployed prior to actual episodic experiences of emotional dissonance and their associated negative consequences (e.g. burnout). At present, the management of emotional labor appears to skew toward reactive measures, such as deploying employee assistance programs (EAPs) to assist overwhelmed employees in coping better with their emotional demands, reducing job-related emotional demands or a combination of both.
Design/methodology/approach:
Intricate processes of emotion emergence and established literature on emotion regulation are considered. By conceptualizing emotion emergence as a process entailing situation, attention, appraisal and response, current efforts can be seen as primarily acting upon the late stages of this process. General emotion regulation strategies that act upon more upstream processes are then considered and applied to the specific context of emotional labor.
Findings:
Pre-emptive steps could be taken from the early stages of job selection as well as personnel selection and assessment through systematic and concerted efforts in identifying job-related emotional demands (e.g. specific display rules, frequency and intensity). Formal job descriptions could then reflect these demands to better facilitate self-selection processes. Additionally, considering these identified parameters as personnel selection and assessment criteria could further enhance person-job fit in terms of emotional congruency. For current hires, pre-emptive steps could also be taken to subliminally modulate their emotional emergence trajectory toward more job-congruent emotions. Collectively, these steps may facilitate the pre-emptive reduction of emotionally dissonant work episodes and bear substantive potential to be deployed synergistically with current, more reactive measures.
Originality/value:
This paper offers a broadened perspective on emotional labor management. Through considering intricate processes of emotion emergence and established literature on emotion regulation, a pre-emptive perspective toward managing work emotions and emotional labor is propounded. It is believed that the synergistic incorporation of these pre-emptive management approaches with current strategies (e.g. reducing emotional demands, EAPs, etc.) would holistically allow for greater amelioration of this debilitating issue. Finally, it is hoped that this paper could serve as a primer for future research and discourses to be conducted, such that our arsenal available for combating emotional labor could be substantively expanded to holistically target all stages of the emotion emergence process
Energising the Future: A Dynamic Capabilities Approach to Vietnam’s Renewable Energy Industry From the Supply and Demand Side
No full textIncorporating the underpinnings of the dynamic capabilities framework and an inductive approach, the sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring elements of renewable energy usage are examined through interviews with 24 representatives of the supply and consumer sides. The data analysis reveals 18 dimensions providing conceptual and empirical guidance. Among these dimensions, the performance-seeking aims and high-order burdens intricately uncover the nuances of sensing opportunities and challenges. Simultaneously, the knowledge-enrichment mindset and technical continuity path shed light on pivotal aspects of seizing and reconfiguring. The analysis and dimensional exploration culminate in a refined framework, fortifying the theoretical and practical underpinnings of renewable energy’s utilisation within an emerging economy. Moreover, the study establishes meaningful connections with the dynamic capabilities framework, offering implications for the research community, stakeholders in the renewable energy sector and governmental representatives alike