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Burden of unintentional drowning in Indonesia: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textIntroduction: A high burden of unintentional fatal drowning has been reported in low- and middle-income countries. However, little is known about unintentional drowning in Indonesia.
Methods: This population-based retrospective cohort study analysed unintentional drowning data for Indonesia sourced from The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Estimates of trends, mortality rates, incidence rates, years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability adjusted life years were generated.
Results: A decline in unintentional drowning mortality rates was observed, with an average annual mortality rate of 2.58/100 000. Males were 1.81 (95% CI 1.79 to 1.84) times more likely than females to unintentionally drown. Average annual mortality rates were highest among the under-5 age group (9.67/100 000) and 70 and over (5.71/100 000 for males; 5.14/100 000 for females). Distributions of drowning deaths vary depending on region, with mortality rates higher in Papua, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumatra and Nusa Tenggara regions.
Discussion: While a decline in drowning mortality rates in Indonesia was identified between 2005 and 2019, mortality rates for unintentional drowning remained high among children under 5 years, the elderly population and those residing in Papua, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumatra and Nusa Tenggara, warranting further focused attention.
Conclusion: A downward trend in the rate of unintentional drowning deaths in Indonesia is observed from 2005 onwards, with risk variation based on age, gender and region. The findings highlight the importance of addressing drowning as a cause of premature mortality and health system burden in Indonesia, including through enhancing drowning data collection systems and identifying drowning risk factors
Understanding and optimising gratitude interventions: the right methods for the right people at the right time
No full textObjective: Gratitude has consistently been associated with various beneficial health-related outcomes, including subjective wellbeing, positive mental health, and positive physical health. In light of such effects, positive psychology researchers and practitioners have often implemented gratitude interventions in an attempt to build individuals’ orientations toward appreciation and thankfulness. Recent meta-analyses and reviews have revealed, however, that these interventions often have mixed effects on gratitude or other health outcomes. With this issue in mind, we aimed to identify (a) contextual considerations that may impact the effectiveness of these approaches, and (b) recommendations for the optimisation of gratitude interventions.
Methods and Measures: Seventeen mental health professionals or experienced health psychology researchers engaged in semi-structured interviews to address the research questions.
Results: Thematic analysis of the data resulted in three contextual themes—cultural considerations, personal characteristics, and life experience—that were discussed as factors likely to influence intervention effectiveness. With respect to recommendations, participants highlighted the importance of encouraging deep engagement in gratitude tasks, consistent repetition of those tasks, and the value of interpersonal expressions of gratitude.
Conclusion: Discussion is centred on suggestions for future research on gratitude and on implications for the implementation of gratitude interventions
Interactive effects of intrasexual competitiveness, same-sex competition, and physical attractiveness on temporal discounting
No full textStudies have shown that men discount the future and prefer immediate-but-smaller over delayed-but-larger rewards when exposed to mating opportunities (e.g., attractive opposite-sex targets) or threats (e.g., same-sex competition) whereas women's discounting in response to similar cues appears mixed, suggesting that mating-motivated discounting is primarily a male phenomenon. Importantly, this line of research has not yet examined the role of individual difference variables as well as how the attractiveness of potential mates and perceptions of competition jointly influence discounting rates. We conducted a novel test of the effect of trait intrasexual competitiveness (ISC) using dating profiles varying on target attractiveness and same-sex competition to observe their interactive effects on participants' discounting. Results showed that when targets were attractive, higher ISC was associated with steeper discounting for both men and women, and this association was stronger when competition was high rather than low. ISC still predicted discounting when targets were low in attractiveness but competition was high; high ISC did not predict discounting only in the low attractiveness and low competition condition. These findings reveal ISC as a factor that leads women to discount as much as men, and that high-ISC individuals may be more responsive to competition than to target attractiveness
Uncovering children’s experiences of emergent learning difficulties in the instrumental music studio
No full textWhen children commence instrumental music tuition, learning difficulties can emerge to disrupt predictable learning processes and impact musical development. However, children’s experiences of learning difficulties, including how they present, are managed and can be supported, are rarely examined in music research. This longitudinal, qualitative study used Participatory Action Research and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methodologies to examine the lived experience of fourteen 7-year-old beginner cellists. It focussed on how children’s learning difficulties emerged in the music studio and affected their continued engagement, and how the instrumental music teacher supported children with difficulties. Unexpectedly, half (N = 7) of the young learners encountered challenges, including memory and processing difficulties, impulse, attention and focus issues, intrusive synaesthesia, fine motor skill difficulty, dyslexia and persistent anxiety. Children’s highly individualised experiences of their learning difficulties were impacted by their motivations, self-perception and ratio of skill acquisition. A reflexive pedagogical approach by the teacher, together with pragmatic support and emotional guidance from parents, influenced the children’s learning behaviour and continued investment, contributing to their longer-term musical engagement. This study offers a unique contribution to the literature by providing a rare investigation of children’s emergent learning difficulties, as revealed in the instrumental music studio
Comment on ‘CO2 removal with enhanced wollastonite weathering in acidic and calcareous soils’
No full text[Extract] Dear Editors-in-Chief, We read with interest the paper by Su et al. (2025) describing a soil incubation study. The paper provides useful data on the effect of wollastonite addition on CO2 emission/capture and soil properties. However, one of the main conclusions appears to directly contradict the data, perpetuating the unsupported notion that a significant amount of CO2 is captured during weathering of crushed silicate rock mixed into acidic soil
Integration of a vertical voluntary medical male circumcision program into routine health services in Zimbabwe: a solution for sustainable HIV prevention
No full textThe global health community has recognized the importance of integrating and sustaining health programs within national health systems rather than managing stand-alone ‘vertical’ interventions. Corresponding with these objectives, international aid donors are embracing the principle of localization. Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) in Zimbabwe is a large vertical HIV prevention program that was primarily funded through development assistance for health. Program stakeholders want to sustainably integrate VMMC into routine health services so that the program will continue to be a cost-effective HIV prevention strategy. The research team studied the effectiveness of a district-level intervention to empower local stakeholders in this integration effort. To evaluate this intervention, the research team conducted a document review of district-level work plans, combined with a survey administered to district teams assessing sustainability capacity of the program. Over a two-year period, Task Teams in all five intervention districts successfully integrated the VMMC program by reducing barriers and leveraging opportunities in other parts of the health system. Key outcomes impacted all WHO health system building blocks, including enhanced leadership and governance, improved service delivery through better access and acceptability, an expanded health workforce through training, more efficient use of medical technologies, improved data quality, and the mobilization of local funds to support program financing and sustainability. The sustainability survey showed a reduction in funding stability but a significant increase in communications, program adaptation, and organizational capacity. By institutionalizing participatory work planning, fostering local ownership, and mobilizing resources, the project demonstrated a successful model for integrating, scaling, and sustaining VMMC services. Other health programs in low- and middle-income countries seeking to integrate and sustain health services at subnational levels should consider this diagonal, bottom-up model to promote local leadership development and health system strengthening
A user’s guide to coral reef restoration terminologies
No full textGlobal coral reef restoration efforts continue to diversify in approach, location, and socio-ecological context. In parallel, vocabulary has evolved such that practitioners, scientists, policy makers, communicators, and investors must navigate an increasingly confusing set of terms that are inconsistently defined. Precision around terms and definitions is an important attribute underpinning the rate and extent with which restoration can scale. However, in contrast with more established ecological restoration fields, coral reef restoration lacks a formal lexicon for its core approaches and processes. Here we synthesize, distill, and clarify a core lexicon proposed for coral reef restoration. We navigate readers systematically through terms used for various coral reef restoration approaches, project planning and intent, process workflows, and biological material. We also consider vague terms commonly used that present challenges to singularly define. While we expect this proposed lexicon to continue to evolve, we offer an important first step toward more integrated communications around coral reef restoration
The fundamentals of rare earth element ion adsorption clay deposits: A mineral systems approach for exploration
No full textThe exponential growth of demand for ‘green-technologies’ requires significantly increased production of critical elements, including rare earth elements (REE). Some of the most significant (and largest) REE deposits are associated with carbonatites. However, carbonatites are predominantly light-(L)REE-enriched, which has implications for meeting global heavy-(H)REE demand. As a result, REE ion adsorption clay deposits (IACD), which are examples of intense weathering, have sparked international interest as a HREE source (~80 % of global HREE are sourced from IACD). Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive review of REE IACD to understand their constraints, global distribution, and main features while applying a mineral systems approach.
The REE source for IACD, although typically granitic, is more diverse than traditionally thought, with the weathering of local igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and external fluids (e.g., hydrothermal fluids and basinal brines) and lithologies (e.g., transport of weathering constituents rather than an in-situ source) supplying the REE required for IACD formation. Following the weathering of REE-rich source material, REE are liberated and mobilised in the weathering profile through pH-dependent complexation with ligands (e.g., F−, CO32−, SO42−, PO43−) or as hydrated REE species. The nature of the source (e.g., relative LREE- or HREE-enrichment) and fluids within the weathering profile (e.g., pH and ligand concentrations) control REE fractionation and relative LREE and HREE enrichment of a IACD. Once mobilised, REE are adsorbed out of solution and enriched onto clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite and halloysite), a process strongly controlled by pH and the physicochemical characteristics of the clays present, with REE adsorption most favourable under circumneutral conditions. To preserve REE enrichment (and IACD formation) through clay adsorption, a low erosional setting is required. Climates with excessive rainfall (e.g., tropical humid climates) may be problematic for REE IACD preservation through geological time, where excessive rainfall results in clay dissolution and saprolite collapse. The conceptual model provided in this study develops a framework that will be built upon in the coming years as our knowledge of these deposit types and global exploration continues
Summarising 40 years of gastric lavage studies to evaluate efficiency and survival in sharks and rays
No full textTraditionally, lethal stomach dissection has been used to study the diets of sharks and rays, but conservation and animal welfare concerns necessitate non-lethal alternatives, such as gastric lavage (stomach or gut flushing). In this study, we summarised gastric lavage studies on elasmobranchs to identify which species/groups it has been effective for, the difficulties encountered and if post-release survival has been evaluated. Secondly, we used a field study to (1) demonstrate how to perform gastric lavage on juvenile rays, (2) assess its effectiveness and (3) verify post-release survival using mark-recapture techniques. Only 23 published studies have used gastric lavage on either sharks or rays, indicating that this technique is still highly underutilised in ecological research. Effectiveness at obtaining stomach contents varied but often exceeded 50%, particularly for rays. Captivity studies provided greater evidence of survival than field studies, and only one field study assessed long-term survival using tag-recapture methods. In this field study, gastric lavage was highly effective for young juvenile rays, and recaptures verified survival for various periods after release. More research is needed to adapt gastric lavage across a wider range of species and sizes, especially larger sharks. Furthermore, incorporating approaches to validate survival following non-lethal handling procedures will be essential to ensure ethical compliance and optimal outcomes for research and conservation
Relationships between high-K magmas and Cu–Au porphyry deposits in the Macquarie Arc, Australia
No full textThe Macquarie Arc is a long-lived volcanic arc terrane which began in the latest Cambrian and continued until the early Silurian. Early Silurian high-K suites associated with Cu–Au porphyry mineralization are typically considered shoshonitic; however, comparisons with well-studied examples of shoshonites in continental arcs and associated settings suggest few Macquarie Arc rocks would classify as shoshonitic. Notably, the Au-rich Cadia Intrusive Complex, which is marginally shoshonitic, and most high-K to 'shoshonitic' Macquarie Arc rocks are essentially high-K calc-alkaline, analogous to 'primitive' shoshonites generated within intraoceanic arc settings. Arc magmatism in the Macquarie Arc is consistently primitive and mantle derived prior to an increase in siliciclastic input and crustal thickening during the Silurian Benambran Orogeny, consistent with prior isotopic studies. Magma source regions can thus be interpreted as varying spatially and temporally due to variable enrichment from slab and mantle derived components, reflecting a maturing and potentially migrating arc system