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Odd Fellows: the Intersection of Arminianism and Calvinism in the Writings of Desmond Ford and F.F. Bruce
No full textThe Topic
In the 1970s, the Seventh-day Adventist church’s theological struggles over righteousness by faith and perfectionism revealed that Adventists were confused about their Protestant identity and what it meant to have the assurance of salvation. That struggle is exemplified in Desmond Ford’s writings. His doctoral studies under evangelical scholar F. F. Bruce prompted the Historic Adventists to wonder whether Ford had abandoned the Arminian synergistic soteriology for Calvinism’s monergism.
The Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore to what extent Frederick F. Bruce’s Reformed views, theological assumptions, and commitments were shared by and reflected in Desmond Ford’s soteriology, and whether Ford was a Reformed theologian. Ford’s forensic view of justification by faith was elucidated as it relates to righteousness by faith and the Protestant theological tradition.
The Method
This was a comparative study with a primary focus on content and document analysis. It relied on both published and unpublished primary sources like books, periodicals, and manuscripts, accessible in various archives, libraries, and databases. Primary sources provided the necessary data to outline the soteriology of Bruce and Ford. Secondary sources were consulted to gain perspective on the topic in its historical context and for theological background.
Conclusion
This study looked at the intersection of Arminianism and Calvinism in the writings of Desmond Ford and F. F. Bruce, and found that both scholars were evangelicals, committed to the Protestant gospel of justification by faith alone. In this sense, both shared an evangelical affinity that supported and explained those theological views they held in common. But underneath the surface, in their respective theological commitments, we also found some discrepancies in their views that clarified their soteriological position and helped us identify Ford as an evangelical Arminian and Bruce as a moderate Calvinist. These findings also helped assess whether the Historic Adventists’ charge against Ford’s theology were correct. And using theological categories I was able to identify more specifically the Historic Adventists’ theological commitments and assumptions in contrast with that of Ford. Ford’s contributions to these Adventist concerns were then highlighted with the hope that further biblical studies will help future Adventists advance their soteriological and Christological views
The cedi hit GHS16.15 to the dollar on the retail market Thursday
No full textThe cedi hit GHS16.15 to the dollar on the retail market Thursday. This represents a 24.61% decline since January 2024. As Ghana intends to import food amid a dry spell, what further pressure does this put on the cedi? I asked Associate Finance Professor at Andrews University, WILLIAMS KWASI PEPRAH, Ph.D
The Bank of Ghana this week announced some additional measures to deal with the cedi’s decline
No full textThe Bank of Ghana this week announced some additional measures to deal with the cedi’s decline. Key among the measures is the take over of foreign exchange payments of some banks and big corporate institutions by the central bank. Here\u27s reaction from Associate Finance Professor at the Andrews University, WILLIAMS KWASI PEPRAH, Ph.D
Good news for Ghana, Ghana has reached a deal with bilateral creditors
No full textGood news for Ghana , Finance Professor, WILLIAMS KWASI PEPRAH, Ph.D. reacts to news Ghana has reached a deal with bilateral creditors. This is critical for the country to securing 360 million dollars from the IMF after board approval of second programme review
Despite an increase in the selling price of electricity, there was a decline in the revenue of the Electricity Company of Ghana
No full textCOVID-19 Pandemic and Ghana’s Economy: A Deep Dive into Economic Indicators
No full textThe study presents an in-depth analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on Ghana’s gross domestic product (GDP), balance of payments and international investment position (BPM6), and inflation (INFL). Employing a pre-and post-COVID-19 comparison (2017-2022) through repeated measures ANOVA and tests of between-subject effects, it investigates whether the government’s economic performance was significantly impacted. Key findings show a notable decrease in GDP and BPM6, alongside a major increase in inflation rates post-pandemic. The study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic had a statistically significant impact on Ghana’s economic performance in terms of GDP and BPM6, but not inflation. Recommendations include implementing economic stabilization policies, managing the balance of payments, controlling inflation, and focusing on sustainable growth. These insights are crucial for policymakers and stakeholders in navigating Ghana’s post-COVID-19 economic situation
