SUAIRE (Sokoine Univ. of Agriculture)
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Sources and knowledge of smallholder farmers in agricultural information in Mvomero District, Tanzania: where does misinformation originate?
No full textTanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2024) Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 19-32This study examined the access to sources and knowledge of smallholder farmers in agricultural information in Mvomero District, Tanzania, and identified the origin of misinformation among these farmers. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, including a survey of 192 smallholder farmers and interviews with agricultural extension officers and key informants. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design involving both qualitative and quantitative research methods through key informant interviews and questionnaires respectively. Descriptive statistics results indicated that more than half of the respondents (70%) were poorly accessing the reliable agricultural information. Furthermore, more than three quarters of the respondents (96%) had high level of knowledge on agricultural misinformation but still, they could not well access reliable agricultural information. Likewise, more than half of respondents (74.5%) accessed agricultural information through farmers – farmers while half of respondents (50%) accessed agricultural information through other sources such as radio, television, mobile phones, smartphones, and extension officers, and this may be a problem in accessing the reliable agricultural information. Additionally, the study revealed that misinformation among smallholder farmers originates from various sources, including fellow farmers, traditional beliefs, and inadequate agricultural extension services. The study recommends interventions to improve smallholder farmers' access to agricultural information, including expanding communication channels and improving agricultural extension services, to mitigate the spread of misinformation
Characteristics of bee fodder plants of mlele beekeeping zone, Katavi, Tanzania
No full textMSc DissertationPollination by insects, particularly bees, is essential for biodiversity
conservation and plant reproductive success. Tanzania is
characterized by a rich diversity of flowering plants estimated to be
over 9000 species. A wide variety of flowering plant species serve
as bee fodders and are essential to maintaining healthy bee
populations. Mlele District in Katavi region of Tanzania is among the
highest honey producing area in the region. Several studies on bee
fodder plants characteristics, including their composition and nectar
quality have been done in temperate and sub temperate regions with
few in the tropics. These studies have reported the impact of
environmental and human disturbances on bee fodder plants.
Despite the potential of Katavi region for beekeeping, few studies
have been done in the region, especially on the characteristics of
bee fodder plants incorporating environmental, disturbance and the
nectar quality. This knowledge gap results into ineffective
conservation of food sources for bees, unsustainable beekeeping
practices, low production and quality of bee products.
The study overall objective was to determine the characteristics of
bee fodder plants of Mlele Beekeeping zone. The study included two
objectives, the first objective was to determine the composition of
bee fodder plants along environmental and disturbance gradients
and the second was to determine the periodicity of floral rewards by
the bee fodder plant species. A systematic sampling design was
employed to assess how environmental and disturbance gradients
impact bee fodder plants composition. A total of 50 rectangular plots
of size 50 by 30 m were laid in two transects with 25 plots in each
transect. Plant flowers were observed for 10 minutes and were
scored as bee fodder plants after at least three bees visited the
flower within the observation period. The periodicity of floral rewards
objective employed purposive sampling design on the basis of
provision of measurable amounts of nectar and enough flowers to
conduct the study with repeated measurements. Plants in which the
honeybees extended their proboscis into the flowers were determined as nectar rewarding plants and where bees collected
pollen were determined as pollen rewarding plants.
Data collection on bee fodder plants composition was obtained
through a summary of species data list and their abundance values.
Climatic data was obtained from the current climate data set
downloaded from world climate site with a 30 arc seconds resolution
and four subsets of biophysical data were used. Disturbance data
was recorded for presence or absence and the disturbance type.550
hours of observation were made for recording of flower visitors on
ten bee fodder plant species from 0700 hours to 1800 hours. Nectar
was extracted by micro capillary tubes and quality was measured in
form of total sugar concentration by the use of a digital handheld
refractometer.
In the data analysis section, data skewness was addressed by
standardization of the data. Detrended Correspondence Analysis
(DCA) was applied to assess the ecological gradient's magnitude
within the species composition matrix and to determine the
appropriate constrained ordination method. The results gave the
option for Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) due to the
data's heterogeneity. Log-transformations were applied to species
abundance data to meet multivariate normality assumptions. Rare
species occurring in fewer than five plots were excluded from the
analysis. Stepwise automatic forward selection identified significant
explanatory variables for CCA. The chosen variables were then
constrained against tree species and community composition.
Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance Using Distance
Matrices (Adonis) was employed for variance partitioning. The
community composition was identified by the use of Bray-Curtis’s
dissimilarity and Silhouette validation. Generalized linear models
were created to examine visitations and effect of nectar
concentration and temperature on bee visitation rate.
Overall, 71 bee fodder plants belonging to 25 families were
recorded. The results revealed that 23% of the variation in the composition of dominant tree species within the study area could be
attributed to the interplay of environmental and disturbance factors.
Elevation emerged as the most influential predictor, accounting for
approximately 11.6% of the total variation. Annual mean
temperature contributed around 3.5% to the observed variation and
annual precipitation about 3.6%. Four bee fodder plant communities
were identified in the area with first cluster being dominated by
Erythrophleum africanum, second with Brachystegia glaucescens,
third with Diplorhynchus condylocarpon and fourth Bobgunnia
madagascariensis. Nectar concentration was identified as a central
driver of bee visitation patterns. The bee fodder plants including
Antidesma membranaceum and Friesodielsia obovata, showcased
nectar concentration percentages that significantly enhanced their
attractiveness to bees.
The results of this research study have the potential in providing
valuable insights to beekeepers and conservationists for improving
beekeeping practices in Mlele Beekeeping zone. It provides
understanding into factors influencing bee visitation rates to different
bee fodder plant species. It also highlights the significance of nectar
sugar concentration and temperature in shaping bee foraging
behavior. Environmental factors particularly elevation, annual mean
temperature and annual precipitation are seen to be important in
shaping the composition of bee fodder plants. The findings
recommend prioritizing and promoting planting and conserving bee
plant species with high visitation rates such as Antidesma
membranaceum, Psorospermum febrifugum and Securidaca
longepedunculata to support bee populations and enhance
pollination services.
Further research is needed into other bee fodder plants traits that
attract bee to deepen our understanding of bee interactions.
Understanding the relationship between environmental factors and
bee plant communities in other locations and other factors such as
soil type and land use should be considered. As ecosystems face ongoing challenges from climate change and human activities, such
research becomes increasingly valuable in ensuring the health of
bee populations and the preservation of biodiversity. Further
research in other regions and at different scales is needed to expand
our knowledge of these vital relationships and their implications for
beekeeping and conservation efforts globally.The Higher Education for Economic Transformation (HEET) Projec
School labelling and its effects on students schooling: a case of selected special, ward and private schools in Tanzania
No full textInternational Journal of Education and Social Science Research p no. 55-77The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of school labelling specifically regarding special,
ward, and private schools on students’ educational experiences. This study seeks to understand how
perceptions associated with different school types influence students' motivation, self-esteem, and
overall students’ academic performance. By examining the impact of these labels, the research aimed
to provide insights that can inform educational policies and practices, ultimately promoting equity and
improving student outcomes across various school settings. The study adopted purposive and simple
randomly sampling techniques where a total of 80 respondents and 4 key informants from the study
area were involved in the study. Basically, the study was qualitative in nature though quantitative
approach was used to some extent. Questionnaire was used to collect requisite information to students
and quantitative data were analysed by using descriptive statistics to determine frequency and
percentage whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis.
With regards to the specific objectives of this study, it was also revealed that in special schools both
students and teachers are highly motivated to study and work, while in those schools labelled to be
low, both students and teachers are demoralized to study and to work, these feelings in turn can have
impact in the teaching and learning process of the students and teachers.
Furthermore, it was found out that, special, seminary, and private schools have superior resources
compared to local public schools, including a better student-to-book ratio and well-equipped
laboratories. Libraries in private schools are stocked with a wide range of learning materials, and sports
facilities are more readily available.
On the basis of these findings, the study recommends that, Policy makers and School administrators,
especially in the government secondary schools should ensure proper teacher motivational packages
and their schools have enough desks and chairs both in the classrooms and libraries. Lastly, labelling of schools should be avoided as it demoralizes the stake holders even the parents don’t feel proud when their children are sent to study in inferior labelled schools
Gender dynamics and women’s empowerment: a case of small- scale fish business in Mwanza Region, Tanzania
No full textDegree of Doctor of
PhilosophyWomen play important roles in fisheries, fishing and fish trading.
However, they are a disadvantaged group in the fishing sub-sector;
as a result, their levels of empowerment and business development
have remained low. This is probably due to the fact that the small-
scale fish business sub-sector carries the image of men than
women, which leads to women working in the sub-sector tending to
experience inequality. Therefore, this study was undertaken to: (i)
Analyse gender dynamics within the small-scale fish business, (ii)
Assess gender related factors influencing small-scale fish business
growth, (iii) Determine the contribution of small-scale fish business
to women empowerment, and (iv) Examine impact of climate
variability on gender dynamics in the study area. The study was
conducted in Ilemela and Nyamagana Districts, in Mwanza region
Tanzania where a cross-sectional research design was used.
Purposive sampling was employed to select Ilemela and
Nyamagana Districts, wards and six major fish markets were
selected namely Busweru Market, Igoma Market, Pasiansi Market,
Sabasaba Market, Mwaloni Market and Kamanga Ferry Market. The
sample size was calculated using the proportion allocation formula
that was adjusted for an infinite population (Kothari, 2004). A
combination of minimum probability sampling, and simple and
proportionate stratified sampling was used to select 309
respondents involved in small-scale fish business, including both
women and men. Qualitative data were collected through Focus
Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informants Interviews (KIIs); a
questionnaire with both closed and open ended questions was used
to collect quantitative data. The analysis of qualitative data was
conducted with the aid of ATLAS.ti computer software. Descriptive
statistical analysis techniques were employed, including the
construction of index scales and the Women Empowerment Index
(WEI). Quantitative data analysis involved the use of inferential
analysis: linear regression models, independent sample t-tests, chi-
square tests, and ordinal logistic regression. The study found that gender inequalities exists in all aspects of gender roles, access to
and control over resources, and gender relation within Small-scale
fish business as well as at the household level. These inequalities,
affects women’s participation in the business, women’s financial
freedom and access to quality fish products increases not only the
burden to women but also marital conflicts resulting into marriage
breaks. Results from regression analysis revealed that marital
status, SSFB experience, daily capital in SSFB, type of customers,
storage facilities and SSFB self-help groups were important
predictors (p<0.05) influencing small-scale fish business growth in
terms of amount of profit obtained per day. Women’s capital
invested and obtained profit were low as compared to their male
counterparts (p<0.097). The findings from Ordinal regression show
that type of marriage, contributing to family income and accesses to
resources were important predictors for women empowerment (p <
0.05). The study found that, men have more comparative advantage
and capacity to overcome all risk factors affecting business growth
when compared with women. Women’s business growth is
constrained by factors such as low capital invested, lack of business
skills and lack of business networks. Small-scale fish business
contributes to medium levels of empowerment whereby women were
found to have average power control over permanent assets, able to
contribute on household income and have ability to vote and be
elected in political sphere while higher levels of empowerment were
evident in the aspects of women participation in household decision
making and freedom of movement. The study found the
disproportionate burden faced by women in small-scale fish
businesses in Mwanza due to climate variability. It is concluded that,
gender inequalities embedded in all gender dynamics existing within
small-scale fish business negatively affect women's active
participation in the business as well as their business growth
prospects. Men have a greater comparative advantage to enjoy their
participation and benefits obtained from small-scale fish business
and they have the capacity to overcome all risk factors affecting
SSFB growth when compared to women. Increased education on gender equality among policy makers and stakeholders will improve
women participation in the Small-scale fish business in order to
achieve holistic women’s empowerment. Climate variability has a
significant impact on gender dynamics in small-scale fish businesses
as it exacerbates adaptive capacity of women in the sector. The
study recommends to the government and gender activists to
develop a more systematic and rigorous gender responsive
strategies to gender equality and equitable participation in all socio-
economic activities. The study recommends the policy makers to
design programmes such as establishment of small-scale fish
business groups that will serve as platform for them to share
business experiences to stimulate women’s business growth such.
To enhance women's empowerment in SSFB policymakers and
stakeholders should provide education that address gender norms
which perpetuate patriarchy practices, promote women's economic
empowerment by supporting access to credit and improving land
ownership, and strengthen women's political participation. The study
recommends collaboration between government agencies;
development organizations and local communities to provide
training, support, and market access for women in order to build
sustainable practices and climate-resilient technologies in the small-
scale fish business
Potentials of synthetic biodegradable mulch for improved livelihoods on smallholder farmers: a systematic review
No full textJournal articlePlastic waste in agriculture, particularly from polyethylene mulch, poses
significant environmental challenges. Synthetic biodegradable mulch has
emerged as a sustainable alternative, derived from renewable resources such
as thermoplastic starch, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and
copolyesters. This review explores the benefits of synthetic biodegradable
mulch, its environmental impact, and the policy landscape to support its
adoption. A review of existing literature was conducted, focusing on three
aspects: (1) the performance of synthetic biodegradable mulch in crop
production and pest control, (2) the environmental, socioeconomic, and
climate resilience compared to polyethylene mulch, and (3) the institutional
policies that promote synthetic biodegradable mulch adoption. The analysis
considered comparative data on yield, pest management, and sustainability
metrics. Synthetic biodegradable mulch performs similarly or better than
polyethylene mulch in various agricultural practices. It enhances crop yield,
quality, and weed suppression, acts as a physical barrier against pests and
diseases, reduces chemical usage, and aids in water and nutrient management.
Moreover, synthetic biodegradable mulch offers environmental benefits by
reducing plastic waste, microplastic pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions,
contributing to climate change mitigation. While synthetic biodegradable mulch
provides numerous advantages, adoption faces challenges such as high initial
costs, farmer preferences, and the regulatory framework. Effective institutional
policies and increased consumer demand could drive wider adoption, offering
potential for improved livelihoods among small farmers while promoting
environmental sustainability
Power relations and knowledge linkages among actors in the groundnuts seed value chain in Central Tanzania
No full textTanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2024) Vol. 23 No. 1, 95-108Interdependence among actors enhances value chain functioning as it not only closely links them, but also enables them to engage with each other across the chain to form a network. The network created through these actors’ involvement and interdependence creates a necessary condition for adoption and diffusion of incentives for the value chain development and stability.In the groundnut seed value chain, less is known like in other crops’ value chain less is known on issues related to power relations and dynamics that can be assessed in levels and dimesnions of knowledge, material and income. This study aimed to assess the power relations and knowledge linkages among the actors in the groundnut seed value chain in central Tanzania. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the actors involved, their roles, and the influence and importance of power relations in the knowledge aspect. The study used a qualitative approach and a cross-sectional design. The primary data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews, while the secondary data were obtained from records related to the groundnut crop and its value chain from the sampled districts covered by the Tropical Legumes III project. The UCINET software statistical package for network analysis was used to analyze the data collected. The study reveales that there is a number of actors at the village and district levels, some of whom were found in both levels.Further, power relations among these actors are revelead through centrality measures, emphasizing the significance of ties and linkages in shaping knowledge exchange dynamics. The findings speak volume on the role of influential actors at both levels, with implications for information flow, decision-making, and the overall success of the groundnuts seed value chain. The study also found that the number of ties that the actors had in the groundnut seed value chain affected their knowledge linkages, as well as their influence and power over others. The study identified that NGOs, CBOs, local government, researchers, and traders had higher influence and importance in knowledge linkages than other actors at both levels. The study recommended prioritizing the inclusion of less powerful and influential actors and involving important stakeholders in interventions targeting power relations through innovation platforms
Effect of training on knowledge, attitude, and practice on the use of hermetic storage technologies among smallholder farmers in Tanzania
No full textJournal articleKnowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of farmers in post-harvest management (PHM) are essential for reducing food waste.
However, their enhancement also depends on the training programs. Previous studies on the linkage between training programs
and farmers’ KAP have been conducted with less emphasis on hermetic storage technology (HST) for PHM. This study aimed to
assess the effect of training on KAP and, hence, the adoption of HSTs among smallholder farmers. The underlying theory of
change of the study assumes that awareness and access to post-harvest technologies have effects on adoption rates, hence
improving food security and income. A quasi-experimental matched-pair cluster randomization design was used to establish a
cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable. Maize farmer groups totalling 637 farmers were
randomly selected and followed the experimental design of the “Evidence-based Scaling of Improved On-Farm Storage among
Smallholders in Tanzania” intervention from Kilosa and Kondoa districts of Tanzania, whereas the treatment group farmers
received training and free five hermetic storage bags each, while the control group farmers did not. However, this study
documented the demographic profiles of farmers in association with KAP on HST using a pre-designed structured questionnaire
and used ordinary least squares regression to explore this relationship. We find evidence consistent with a positive and significant
relationship between training, KAP, and adoption. The results suggest that the KAP score and adoption were high for farmers
who received training as an intervention for PHM using hermetic bags. Overall, the results are consistent with the theory that
there is an effect between training and KAP and, thus, the adoption of HST. The study recommends placing emphasis on farmer’s
training programs regarding PHM, thus increasing their knowledge, attitude, and practices, and hence their adoption, to enhance
food loss control
Sources and knowledge of smallholder farmers in agricultural information in Mvomero district, Tanzania: where does misinformation originate?
No full textJournal Articlehis study examined the access to sources and knowledge of smallholder farmers
in agricultural information in Mvomero District, Tanzania, and identified the origin of
misinformation among these farmers. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, including
a survey of 192 smallholder farmers and interviews with agricultural extension officers and key
informants. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design involving both qualitative and
quantitative research methods through key informant interviews and questionnaires respectively.
Descriptive statistics results indicated that more than half of the respondents (70%) were poorly
accessing the reliable agricultural information. Furthermore, more than three quarters of the
respondents (96%) had high level of knowledge on agricultural misinformation but still, they
could not well access reliable agricultural information. Likewise, more than half of respondents
(74.5%) accessed agricultural information through farmers – farmers while half of respondents
(50%) accessed agricultural information through other sources such as radio, television, mobile
phones, smartphones, and extension officers, and this may be a problem in accessing the reliable
agricultural information. Additionally, the study revealed that misinformation among smallholder
farmers originates from various sources, including fellow farmers, traditional beliefs, and
inadequate agricultural extension services. The study recommends interventions to improve
smallholder farmers' access to agricultural information, including expanding communication
channels and improving agricultural extension services, to mitigate the spread of misinformation
Local community’s perspectives on trophy hunting and their implications toward people’s welfare: the case of Rungwa Game Reserve
No full textMSc DissertationTrophy hunting in Tanzania plays an important role in wildlife
conservation, economic development, and community development.
This is despite the current contentious debate based on utilitarian
and deontological perspectives across the globe. However, on such
contentious topic, the voices of local communities from wildlife-rich
countries that are key stakeholders in wildlife conservation, including
Tanzania, have largely been unheard. The Rungwa game reserve
(RGR) is among the protected areas where the local community’s
perspectives on trophy hunting are not well documented.
Specifically, the study aimed at (i) assessing local communities’
perceptions and knowledge towards trophy hunting, (ii) determine
the costs and benefits of trophy hunting and its implications to
community’s livelihood (iii) examine the trend of trophy hunting and
its implications to local community’s livelihood. The survey was
conducted in November 2021 and February 2022. The in-depth
interviews were conducted with selected key informants (n=30) and
the questionnaire was administered to 120 sampled respondents.
The study used the mixed methods approach to gather all the data
required whereby surveys through questionnaires and checklists
were used as tools. The Chi-square tests for categorical variables
were used to assess the local community knowledge of trophy
hunting; Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to determine
factors that influenced local community knowledge on trophy
hunting. Assessment of local community attitude was performed by
using descriptive analysis, while to determine factors influencing
local community attitude the Structural Equation Modelling was
employed. Assessing the benefits and number of costs perceived by
local communities the Welch two sample t-test was used. The GLM
with Poisson error distribution were used to assess the factors that
influenced the response on cost and benefits of trophy hunting.
Perceptions of the trend of trophy hunting activities over the past five
years by the local community were assessed by using the Chi-
square test, while the trend of the number of tourists and revenue obtained from trophy hunting over the past 14 years were assessed
by using scaled GLM with a Poisson error distribution. Generally, the
study found that most of the local communities (92%, n = 110) were
aware of existing hunting operations around the village lands and
game reserves. The study found positive attitudes among local
communities toward trophy hunting, only if local people accrue
benefits from hunting operations. The community's attitudes towards
trophy hunting varied across household size and occupation.
Education and household position had an indirect influence on the
community’s attitude. The findings revealed that there was a
significant higher benefit than cost imposed by trophy hunting
activities to local communities living adjacent the RGR (t = 9.27, df =
150.58, p = 0.00). The response of local communities toward
benefits and costs from trophy hunting around RGR appeared to be
influenced by demographic factors. The perceived trend of trophy
hunting from local communities varied significantly (2 = 94.8, df = 3,
P < 0.001). The study found that the number of tourists who
conducted trophy hunting around RGR decreased significantly over
the past ten years (GLM, t =-3.960, P = 0.002), but when assessed
against annual revenue collected over the past 14 years, there was
an insignificant decrease in annual revenue (GLM, t =-1.482, P =
0.164) of which the key informants revealed that it was caused by
reasons like changes of trophy hunting policy, quota prices, and
emergency of Covid-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that local
communities value trophy hunting's contributions but weigh them
against wildlife costs, with demographics affecting individual
perceptions. In conclusion, trophy hunting is important to local
communities living adjacent to remote protected areas and banning
them may have a significant impact in their livelihood and wildlife
conservation.Sydney Byers Scholarship for Wildlife Conservation through the WCN
Scholarship program and Dascot Lt
Influences of different types of fertilizers on the agronomic characteristics of chloris gayana forage in a selected area of Tanzania
No full textTanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2024) Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 48-60A study was undertaken from January to April 2021 in a commercial dairy farm in Iringa,
Tanzania, to determine the effects of applying different types of fertilizers on the agronomic
characteristics of Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass). Four types of fertilizers, namely cattle farm
yard manure (CFYM), blended Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Zinc (NPSZn), Sulphate of
Ammonium (SA), and Urea, were applied in experimental plots using six different combinations
in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The combinations were control (T1) with no
fertilizer, CFYM alone (T2), CFYM and NPSZn (T3), NPSZn alone (T4), NPSZn with SA (T5),
as well as NPSZn with Urea (T6) allocated in four replications per treatment. The physical and
chemical properties of the soil in the experimental plots and the CFYM were also determined. The
application of the fertilizers followed the protocols of the manufacturers. The seeds of C. gayana
were broadcasted in all the experimental plots at a rate of 20 kg/ha. On the 90th day, forages
in their respective sub-plots were clipped to obtain representative samples for the determination
of the agronomic characteristics. Parameters considered were plant population (PP), number of
tillers per plant (NTPP), stem height (SH), number of leaves per plant (NLPP), leaf length per
plant (LLPP), leaf width per plant (LWPP) and stem diameter (SD). Results showed that the soil
texture was primarily sandy clay loam. The soil and manure contained total N (%) of 0.15 and
1.76 respectively. The amounts of extractable P (mg/kg) in soil and manure were 3.38 and 40.35,
respectively. The study showed that the plots fertilized by a combination of NPSZn and Urea (T6)
produced the highest (p<0.05) mean values of PP (85.7 plants/m2), NTPP (24.5), SH (136.6 cm),
NLPP (6.9), LLPP (40.9 cm), LWPP (1.5) and SD (3.1 mm) compared with other fertilizers. The
control treatment (T1) with no fertilizer application had the least (p>0.05) mean values of PP
(27.6 plants/m2), NTPP (5.3), SH (53.9 cm), NLPP (3.7), LLPP (23.4 cm) LWPP (0.5) and SD (1.5
mm). It is concluded that a mixture of blended NPSZn and Urea could improve the soil fertility and
hence promote the growth parameters of C. gayana. Further studies to determine biomass yield
and quality of the forage fertilized with different fertilizers under similar soil and environmental
conditions are recommended.The Livestock Training Agency (LITA),
Dodoma, Tanzania, and the family of
Ahmed Salum and Sons (ASAS group of
companies) located in Iringa, Tanzani