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Erythroxylum cuneatum regulates the cell adaptation through the ERK 1/2 signalling in addictive morphine-induced cell line
No full textIntroduction: Chronic treatment of morphine stimulates
prolonged activation of the µ-opioid receptor, causes
the stimulation of cellular adaptation through ERK 1/2
pathway. The abrupt termination of chronic morphine was
observed to cause withdrawal activity through the same
pathway. The alkaloid extract of Erythroxylum cuneatum
was proposed to have anti-withdrawal properties against
morphine, regardless of lacking information on the
cellular adaptation. Objectives: The in vitro study, using
the neuroblastoma cell line; SK-N-SH, was designed
to observe the morphine withdrawal activities in the
cellular adaptation perspective against the plant extract
and methadone. Materials and Methods: To achieve
the objective, the cells were pre-treated with morphine.
Meanwhile, to observe the antagonistic activity, the
cells were co-treated with morphine and plant extract
or morphine with methadone. The protein expression of respective proteins for cellular adaptation; mitogenactivated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated
(ERK) kinase 1/2 (MEK 1/2), extracellular signal-regulated
kinase 2 (ERK 2), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA),
protein kinases C (PKC), were obtained from western blot
technique. Results: The finding showed pre-treated cell
with morphine expressed higher content of MEK 1/2, ERK
2, PKA and PKC, as compared to co-treatment of morphine.
In regards, the co-treatment and post-treatment of
methadone and extract of E. cuneatum were evaluated to
normalise the changes affected by morphine, comparable
to the control group. Conclusion: E. cuneatum was
postulated to have anti-withdrawal property mimicking
the methadone and react on the same pathway with
methadone and morphine observed through antagonistic
activity. E. cuneatum was suggested to normalise the effect
of chronic morphine via ERK 1/2 signalling pathway
COVID-19: Pengajaran dan pembelajaran sewaktu krisis pandemik
No full textDunia dikejutkan dengan wabak pandemik novel coronavirus (COVID-19) yang masih belum berakhir sampai kepada hari ini sewaktu artikel
ini ditulis. Kebanyakan aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran sudah
ditukar kepada pengajaran secara maya atas talian. Dengan
demikian, lebih banyak aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran
dilakukan secara luar norma, iaitu di rumah. Sudah pasti ianya
cabaran baru buat pelajar dan warga pendidik. Jadi beberapa strategi
harus diambil seperti organisasi ruang mengajar, pengurusan masa,
teknik yang diguna pakai supaya kaedah pengajaran dan
pembelajaran di rumah dapat dijalankan secara efektif, serta tidak
mengabaikan aspek kesihatan mental dan fizikal
A brief literature review retraining amygdala to substitute its irrational conditioned fear and anxiety responses with new learning experiences
No full textExposure therapy in the intervention of anxiety treatment and management of anxiety disorders proved to be the
most effective. This therapy exposes persons with an anxiety disorder to fear and anxiety-provoking situations,
whereby they gain new experiences, which reduces their fear and anxiety. Generally, the amygdala a part of the
brain responsible for conditioned fear and anxiety responses such as flee responses, here the new experience and
exposure can retrain the amygdala to respond fight rather than flee. The purpose of the article is to promote
awareness regarding exposure therapy used in the behavioural interventions of anxiety disorder signifies its role
in retraining the amygdala, to be free from conditioned fear. This literature review was completed using electronic
databases, an Ovid Medline and PsycINFO search. The current study analysis reviewed 40 full-text articles from
the year 1993 to 2015. The search was conducted using keywords such as exposure therapy, amygdala, and anxiety
disorders. This article bases on brain behaviour in flight and fight responses. In a nutshell, the article indicates
that providing new experiences to the amygdala can bring new responses to fear and anxiety situations
Manifestations of mercy in the social rights of women from an Islamic perspective and comparison with western civilizations
No full textThe study aimed to shed light on the manifestations of mercy in women's social rights in Islam
and see the situation of women in ancient civilizations. This study belongs to the pattern of studies
estimating the situation based on the analytical inductive approach. It is one of the most important
methods of scientific research, and the inductive approach relies on scientific observation,
whereby texts and opinions related to the social rights of women are traced and then analyzed
and inferring aspects of mercy in them in order to reach a complete perception of this study. The
results of the study showed that the Islamic religion is the only one that strengthened the position
of women, honored them, and gave them all their rights completely in a way that suits her natural
fit compared to the situation of women in other civilizations. The researcher concluded that
compassion is a basic principle with all the meanings of charity and softness away from the
hardship in our true religion. The features of mercy were represented by the woman’s sense of
psychological comfort and her sense of being and existence, giving her the right to selfdetermination like the right to choose a husband. These rights are based on stability and harmony,
which contribute to the family achieving its goals. The study reached a set of conclusions, the
most prominent of which is the definition of the landmarks of mercy in all areas related to women
in our true religion, holding international conferences and symposia to be a tool for advocating
the religion of God and working to make Muslim women aware of their rights and duties by
educating spouses and everyone who is about to build a family in order to build informed and
healthy Islamic societies, and activating the role of Muslim women and protecting their rights
from being swept away in the current of Western cultur
Determinants of short inter pregnancy interval: a systematic review
No full textBACKGROUND: Optimal birth spacing is very much important for maternal, fetal and neonatal health. Short interpregnancy
interval (SIPI) is one of the major concerns of health care providers and is often associated with many modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors / determinants.
OBJECTIVE: To review determinants of short interpregnancy interval in existing literature
METHODOLOGY: This systematic review was conducted at department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti
Sultan Zainal Abidin, Medical Campus, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Online search engines and networks were used to find
full length papers available freely in peer reviewed journals, with clear methodology and written in English language. A total
of 2100 articles were initially found and after careful screening 12 articles were included. Articles that applied odds ratio (OR)
or adjusted odds ratios (AOR) as statistical measures were finally selected.
RESULTS: The top 10 determinants of SIPI were found as female age < 25 years (AOR =12.16), breast feeding < 24 months
(AOR=9.6), Sub-optimum breast-feeding (AOR = 7.01), breast feeding < 1 year (AOR = 6.18), last child female (AOR = 5.73),
maternal age 19-24 years (AOR = 5.4), maternal age 26-30 years (AOR = 5.20), poor wealth index(AOR = 4.89), no family
planning (OR = 3.95), not having desire to have the last child (AOR = 3.63).
CONCLUSION: Maternal age, less breastfeeding, low socio-economic status and lack of family planning are major
determinants of SIPI. Complex features and disparities are found in literature mostly due to inconsistent operational definition
of SIPI used in these studies
Visual framing of Islam in online newspapers: evidence from selected Muslim-majority nations
No full textPurpose of the study: This study comparatively explores Islam-related visual elements in selected online newspapers
from Nigeria and Malaysia.
Methodology: A total of 425 photos and 23 videos published alongside Islam-related news collected from selected
online newspapers between November 2015 and September 2016 were analyzed via content analysis.
Main Findings: The findings reveal that 43 out of the total number of photos reproduced violence while no violent
videos were found in the select newspapers. It was also found that some of the photos used in the selected newspapers
were either unrelated to the event being reported or used in different reports.
Applications: This study could be valuable for practicing journalists in the process of carrying out their jobs. It is also
intended to influence the newspaper management decisions on how to disseminate information that is free of bias and
maintain accountability for their news.
Novelty/Originality: This study provided evidence on the visual framing of Islam in online newspapers, particularly
within Muslim-majority states
Believers moral reward in life: a qur’anic perspective
No full textThe glorious Islamic law included system, provisions and legislations in all aspects of life and society,
whether in relation to beliefs, worship, transactions, morals, or related to general laws, the judiciary
and the retribution, thus, forming an integrated system for humanity to achieve happiness in this
world, and win paradise and Allah’s pleasure in the hereafter. Almighty Allah created man to worship
Him and to be his successor on earth, hence, the research problem lies in dealing with this issue, as
ignorance of what Almighty Allah prepared for his faithful servants in reward and retribution, or not
studying it from time to time causes the believer to turn away from the worship of Allah and the
primary function for which Allah created him. The research aims to explain the concept of reward,
with clarification of the derivations and conjugations of the reward in the Holy Quran. This research
is qualitative research, and the researcher relied on gathering information on the inductive descriptive
approach by tracking the verses in the Quranic Surah related to the subject of the study and explaining
its interpretation. The study also used the analytical method to extract the significance of the verses
and their benefits. Among the results reached by the researcher, is that the use of the term “reward”
was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an for reward and kindness to those who did obedience act,
punishment and offense to those who committed sins. The reward that Almighty Allah has prepared
for believers in the world is of two types, moral and material, and each of them has appearances and
images. The ignorance of Allah’s reward for every attempt, responsibility and activity is detrimental
to the insistence of Allah’s worship. Hence, the study shall reveal these moral rewards in light of the
Qur’an to increase compliance with the commandment of Allah
Traditional knowledge and botanical description of edible bitter plants from Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
No full textMost elders in Malaysia like to consume ulam as side dishes with rice. The bitter taste of ulam attracts people to give good perception
in certain plants and use them for alternative medicine or supplement. Most of them are believe; bitter plants have good potential in
medicinal aspect and contribute great benefits for human which improve their health condition. However, there were plants in Besut
which undiscovered for the scientific name and only known in local names. Botanical description is still lack for the edible bitter plants
in Besut which consumed by local people. Thus, field visit by botanists may confirm the appropriate name of the plants. While, interview
session and personal communication may reveal traditional knowledge from elders before it could be deteriorated. Selection for
respondents was done by method of purposive sampling. A number of 50 respondents were interviewed for traditional knowledge
about wild edible bitter plants which commonly used by villagers. Botanical descriptions were documented and herbarium specimens
were prepared after plants confirmation in field. The keys and iconographies from experts had been referred and details were most
helpful. From our research, we identified 17 species from 15 families of the edible bitter plants as alternative medicine by villagers. The
botanical description of 17 species were successfully made as an important source for better reference related to edible bitter plants in
Besut. Traditional knowledge of elders had been revealed, where it will be useful for research and development of sustainable natural
product of edible bitter plants in future
حديث القنوت في صلاة الفجر دراسة تطبيقية في ضوء علم مختلف الحديث
No full textإن األئمة األربعة وغريهم من أئمة االجتهاد بذلوا وسعهم يف الدفاع عن سنة احلبيب
صلى هللا عليه وسلم، وكانوا خري ورثة ملرياث النبوة وكانوا أئمة اهلدى رمحهم هللا، و قد
اعتنوا بعلم خمتلف احلديث الذي يعد من أهم العلوم وأنفعها يف بيان دفع ظاهر التعارض
بني بعض األحاديث، وملا كانت أحاديث قنو ت الصبح مما ظاهره التعارض تناول
الباحث أحاديث القنوت يف صالة الفجر حيث وردت أحاديث ظاهرها يفيد عدم
القنوت يف صالة الفجر وأحاديث أخرى يف ظاه رها بقاء القنوت يف صالة الفجر، وهنا
تظهر أمهية البحث، مستخدما فيه املنهج التحليلي الوصفي، وقد توصل إىل عدد من النتائج أمهها: أهنا جاءت أحاديث صحيحة تدل يف ظاهرها على عدم القنوت يف صالة
الفجر. كما جاءت أحاديث صحيحة تدل يف ظاهرها على جواز القنوت يف صالة
الفجر. وقد سلك العلماء يف ذلك ثالثة مسالك يف دفع التعارض هي اجلمع والنسخ
والرتجيح. بينما سلكت الشافعية واملالكية مسلك اجلمع وسلك األحناف مسلك
النسخ واحلنابلة مسلك الرتجيح و تبني للباحث أن الرأي الراجح هو رأي الشافعية
واملالكية ملا فيه من إعمال الدليل
Glucose metabolism: the energy-producing metabolic pathways in human spermatozoa motility
No full textAfter ejaculation, human spermatozoa must undergo various cellular processes, for egg fertilization. Glycolysis
and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are the some of metabolic pathways to produce energy in form of
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Several studies suggest that spermatozoa have the ability to switch between
these pathways. However, there is a debate in determine which pathways is a dominant energy producing
pathway particularly for motility process. Therefore, this review intends to present a general overview of the
current knowledge of the energy-producing metabolic pathways operating inside human spermatozoa and the
choice of the pathways to produce ATP. Metabolism of glucose is critically reviewed. Such knowledge, aparts
from its added knowledge for basic science, could eventually translate into the development of novel strategies
for treatment of male infertility