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Non-adherence to medications, diet and physical activity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a health clinic in Brunei Darussalam
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Quantitative determination of ammonium ion in aqueous environment using riegler’s solution and artificial neural network
No full textA quantitative analysis has been conducted to determine the concentration of ammonium (NH4+) ion in solution by using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry method and artificial neural network (ANN). Riegler’s reagent was used to form Riegler-NH4+ complex. The characterisations of Riegler’s reagent in solution such as photostability, pH effect, reagent concentration, dynamic range and reproducibility were conducted. The colour change of the Riegler’s reagent after reaction with NH4+ was yellow to red. The Riegler’s reagent responds linearly to NH4+ ion concentration in the range of 1-7 ppm with optimum response at pH7. Satisfactory reproducibility (2.0-2.8%) were obtained with this reagent. The effect of interfering ions that may contain in the leachate on the determination of NH4+ ion was also studied. The application of ANN enabled the extension of the useful dynamic concentration range of NH4+ ion to 1–24 ppm. The best ANN architecture for Riegler-NH4+ complex was built from 29 hidden neurons, 21,389 epochs number and 0.001% learning rate which produced sum square error (SSE) value of 0.0483 with an average calibration error of 1.4136
Critical urbanisation transitions in Malaysia: the challenge of rising Bernam to Linggi basin extended mega urban region
No full textA three phase urbanisation transition is proposed to capture the urbanisation path shown by urban behaviour in the country; namely the phases of nascent, pseudo and the rise of the extended mega urban region. It is recognised that modern urban centres in the country were founded by the British administration of the country as from the 18th century, albeit the existence of the Melaka empire in earlier centuries. These urban centres were mainly administrative centres to administer law and order in order to sustain the exploitation of tin and rubber production, in addition to the provision of goods and services. Urban life in these centres were generally ‘foreign’ to the conception of life of the local people who participated marginally in the market economy controlled by British capital. The second urbanisation transition is the shift from the nascent urbanisation phase moving into the phase of what we have been widely referring to as the pseudo-urbanisation phase, taking place roughly after the end of World War II, when the country witnessed the movements of rural youths, dominantly males at first, to seek jobs in the limited and fragmented urban labour markets. Urban poverty was rampant. The third critical transition to the urbanisation experience of Malaysia lies in the outcome of the New Economic Policy (NEP), 1970 and the subsequent development policies after the NEP. The development policies, strategies, programs and activities produced widespread social, economic, environmental and spatial changes, seen in the growing extended mega urban region, stretching from the Bernam river basin on the Perak-Selangor border to the Linggi river basin bordering Negeri Sembilan and Melak
Bahasa dan pemikiran dalam peribahasa Melayu
No full textPemikiran Melayu disampaikan secara tersurat dan tersirat dalam peribahasa Melayu.Pemikiran dalam peribahasa Melayu turut menyerlahkan satu gambaran nilai sosial, nilai moral, dan fungsi adat dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat sekali gus menonjolkan falsafah bangsa Melayu yang ada kaitannya dengan metafizik, epistimologi, etika, logik, dan estetika hasil interaksi mereka terhadap alam benda, alam flora dan fauna yang ada disekeliling mereka. Sehubungan itu tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan bahasa dan pemikiran dalam peribahasa Melayu menggunakan hipotesis Sapir-Whorf.Data peribahasa dikumpul daripada empat buah teks peribahasa Melayu iaitu Kitab Kiliran Budi, Kamus Istimewa Peribahasa Melayu, 1001 Peribahasa Melayu, dan
Peribahasa SPM. Hasil kajian mendapati peribahasa Melayu memaparkan pemikiran Melayu dalam lima kategori falsafah iaitu pemikiran tentang kewujudan (metafizik),pemikiran tentang ilmu pengetahuan (epistimologi), pemikiran tentang moral manusia (etika), pemikiran tentang penaakulan manusia terhadap alam ini (logik), dan pemikiran tentang keindahan (estetika). Kajian juga membuktikan terdapat hubungan bahasa dan pemikiran dalam peribahasa Melayu sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam hipotesis Sapir-Whorf. Kesimpulannya, penelitian terhadap peribahasa Melayu telah dapat
menyerlahkan ketinggian pemikiran dan kekreatifan bangsa Melayu dalam penciptaan peribahasa Melayu dengan bersumberkan alam sekeliling