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Synthesis and Characterization of New Organoammonium, Thiazolium, and Pyridinium Triiodide Salts: Crystal Structures, Polymorphism, and Thermal Stability
No full textTriiodide salts are of interest for a variety of applications, including but not limited to electrochemical and photochemical devices, as antimicrobials and disinfectants, in supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering, and in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Our work has focused on the design of salt–solvate cocrystals and deep eutectic solvents in which the triiodide anion interacts as a halogen bond acceptor with organoiodine molecules. To understand structure–property relationships in these hybrid materials, it is essential to have benchmark structural and physical data for the parent triiodide salt component. Herein, we report the structure and thermal properties of eight new triiodide salts, three of which exhibit polymorphism: tetrapentylammonium triiodide (1a and 1b), tetrahexylammonium triiodide (2), trimethylphenylammonium triiodide (3), trimethylben- zylammonium triiodide (4), triethylbenzylammonium triiodide (5), tri-n-butylbenzylammonium triiodide (6), 3-methylbenzothizolium triiodide (7a and 7b), and 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium triio- dide (8a and 8b). The structural features of the triiodide anion, Raman spectroscopic analysis, and melting and thermal decomposition behavior of the salts, as well as a computational analysis of the polymorphs, are discussed. The polymorphic pairs here are distinguished by symmetric versus asymmetric triiodide anions, as well as different packing patterns. Computational analyses revealed more subtle differences in their isosurface plots. Importantly, this study provides reference data for these new triiodide salts for comparison to hybrid cocrystals and deep eutectic solvents formed from their combination with various organoiodines
Rural Change Diagnostic Tool
No full textThis site, created as an ArcGIS visualization, seeks to measure and map rural gentrification using a diagnostic screening tool. This site include a research brief titled Measuring and Mapping Rural Gentrification by Ken Kolb, a guide on using the tool, and a map with areas of interest dating from 2014-2021.https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/storytelling/1014/thumbnail.jp
Carbon Monoxide Release Levels from a Variety of Cooking Oil
No full textWhile cooking at home, I observed that the carbon monoxide alarm always goes off at different times whenever we cook with certain plant-based cooking oils. I hypothesized that different cooking oils while burning might release different amounts of carbon monoxide (CO). To test this hypothesis, I set up pilot experiments in a well-ventilated, outdoor environment using a CO detector, a clear glass casserole dish with a lid, and five types of cooking oils I used in my home (oil names were designated as- Oil E-1, Oil U-1, Oil L-1, Oil V-1, and Oil O-1) in separate oil lamps with a home-made cotton wick. After igniting the oil lamps, the CO detector and lighted oil lamps were kept in a glass casserole dish and the lid was closed. The level of CO release was noted every 30 seconds for 3 minutes. I repeated the experiments 3 times and the average of the 3 CO release levels was plotted. In my experimental settings, the preliminary results showed that the CO levels gradually increased after lighting each type of the oils, and continued to rise even after the wick went out. However, some increased more than others. The observed difference in CO release might be due to the presence of different types and amounts of fatty acids in each cooking oil. This study suggests that cooking should be performed in a well-ventilated area to avoid exposure to harmful gases released from the cooking oil burning. One limitation of this study is that the experiments were done in a non-controlled environment and it would be relevant to perform the experiments in a controlled environment
ThermalTune
No full textInstrument tuning in a band setting is critical to the overall sound and effect of the music, and it can be affected by many different factors. For example, something as simple as the temperature of the performance environment can cause severe changes in tuning only moments before a performance. This issue is most prominent in marching bands, where bands tune nearly an hour before their performance. In the time between this and the performance, the temperature can drop several degrees, causing drastic changes to tuning, and the band is no longer allowed to play until they perform. When approaching this problem, our group found that previous research had been done to prove that temperature does affect tuning, but there was almost no research done to solve the problem. Additionally, it was necessary to determine how many people the problem affected. In the U.S., there are between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people in marching bands, and about 11% of U.S. students will take a band course at some point in high school. Motivated by the lack of research or work done towards fixing this issue, we decided on making an automatic tuner, which would use temperature sensors to reliably tune the instrument based on the surrounding temperature. In doing this, we hope to enhance musical capabilities even in dynamic, constantly changing environments
Steam Team
No full textEveryone has chores they dread doing, whether it\u27s taking out the trash, doing the dishes, or ironing clothing. These dull domestic chores can take on average 20 hours of a person\u27s weekly time, says David Estevez. That\u27s on average 20% of someone\u27s 100-hour week. Estevez is a researcher who has researched automating the processes of household chores via robot assistance. Our device’s goal is to decrease the amount of time it takes to complete one of these repetitive tasks, so we chose ironing. Current irons and handheld steamers can require significant time to use, refill, and set up. Standards irons require large flat surfaces and can take upwards of 30 min to use for an inexperienced consumer. Irons can also be very dangerous as they can scorch or burn clothing if one is not careful when using irons. Some handheld steamers can often require multiple fills to do multiple articles of clothing, slowing down the process and increasing the amount of time the chore takes. Finally, dry cleaners cost money and time and are still required to be picked up. The main objective of this project is to develop a machine that could decrease the total amount of time spent ironing/steaming clothing while maintaining the same level of quality. We would apply steam through the use of an external source and send it through the piping in the machine in controlled intervals
Design of a Low-Cost Phone-Based Fluorescence Microscope Incorporating the Photoacoustic Effect to Modify the Fluorescence of Planarian Toxicity Fluorescent Assay-Induced Dugesia tigrina
No full textFluorescence microscopes are a pivotal component of scientific research. However, they are expensive and can cause photobleaching in specimens over long exposure periods. These issues are responsible for hindering scientific progress by producing malignant data and preventing research. To counter this, this research aimed to design a phone-based fluorescence microscope incorporating the photoacoustic effect. This effect states that tissue exposed to pulsed light absorbs the light’s energy, rises in temperature, thermally expands, and produces acoustic waves. This approach was taken because a smartphone dramatically reduces the cost of the device and the photoacoustic effect’s expansion may improve specimen fluorescence. This device consisted of a 3D printed frame and parts, an objective lens, tube lens, and breadboard circuit with LED lights and an Arduino Uno. The prototype was tested using Dugesia tigrina by calculating each specimen’s corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) when treated with a planarian toxicity fluorescence assay. This assay was performed by exposing organisms to an antiseptic solution, then to the fluorescent dye sodium fluorescein, and then viewing them under the prototype before and after a five-minute period with and without the photoacoustic effect. It was found that the prototype achieved its goal by preventing photobleaching, but a two-way repeated measures ANOVA reported that the presence of the photoacoustic effect, photobleaching, and their interaction had no significant effect on CTCF at an alpha value of 0.05 (F(1,29) = [2.427], F(1,29) = [.020], F(1,29) = [.954]). However, the ηp2 of the photoacoustic effect revealed that this played a moderate role in data variance