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Internal Parametricity, without an Interval
Get PDFParametricity is a property of the syntax of type theory implying, e.g., that there is only one function having the type of the polymorphic identity function. Parametricity is usually proven externally, and does not hold internally. Internalising it is difficult because once there is a term witnessing parametricity, it also has to be parametric itself and this results in the appearance of higher dimensional cubes. In previous theories with internal parametricity, either an explicit syntax for higher cubes is present or the theory is extended with a new sort for the interval. In this paper we present a type theory with internal parametricity which is a simple extension of Martin-Löf type theory: there are a few new type formers, term formers and equations. Geometry is not explicit in this syntax, but emergent: the new operations and equations only refer to objects up to dimension 3. We show that this theory is modelled by presheaves over the BCH cube category. Fibrancy conditions are not needed because we use span-based rather than relational parametricity. We define a gluing model for this theory implying that external parametricity and canonicity hold. The theory can be seen as a special case of a new kind of modal type theory, and it is the simplest setting in which the computational properties of higher observational type theory can be demonstrated
Contribution of the medial entorhinal cortex to performance on the Traveling Salesperson Problem in rats
Get PDFIn order to successfully navigate through space, animals must rely on multiple cognitive processes, including orientation in space, memory of object locations, and navigational decisions based on that information. Although highly-controlled behavioral tasks are valuable for isolating and targeting specific processes, they risk producing a narrow understanding of complex behavior in natural contexts. The Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is an optimization problem that can be used to study naturalistic foraging behaviors, in which subjects select routes between multiple baited targets. Foraging is a spontaneous, yet complex, behavior, involving decision-making, attention, course planning, and memory. Previous research found that hippocampal lesions in rats impaired TSP task performance, particularly on measures of spatial memory. Although traditional laboratory tests have shown the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) to play an important role in spatial memory, if and how the MEC is involved in finding efficient solutions to the TSP remains unknown. In the current study, rats were trained on the TSP, learning to retrieve bait from targets in a variety of spatial configurations. After recovering from either an MEC lesion or control sham surgery, the rats were tested on eight new configurations. Our results showed that, similar to rats with hippocampal lesions, MEC-lesioned rats were impaired on measures of spatial memory, but not spatial decision-making, with greatest impairments on configurations requiring a global navigational strategy for selecting the optimal route. These findings suggest that the MEC is important for effective spatial navigation, especially when global cue processing is required
SHARE: A Framework for Secondary Qualitative Data Analysis
Get PDFAlthough secondary analysis of qualitative data is not a new research approach, it is not yet commonly used in engineering education research. Heaton (2008, p. 34) describes secondary qualitative data analysis (SDA) as involving “the re-use of pre-existing qualitative data derived from previous research studies.” Within this broad definition, one form of SDA that is especially uncommon in engineering education research (EER) is the practice in which researchers who were not part of the original project team work with qualitative data they did not help collect and potentially even apply theories and analytic lenses that were not part of the original research plan. Because these new researchers have different relationships with the data, ensuring quality in this form of SDA requires a relational approach to conducting research that links those we term data originators and those we term secondary analysts. Toward this end, we have recently completed a project in which we sought to engage the EER community on the potential affordances of SDA in qualitative research, to understand the reasons why this approach remains relatively rare in our field, and to use our experiences with SDA to propose practices and principles that can inform this approach moving forward.1 One outcome of that project is the relational approach detailed in this editorial.
We advocate for SDA because the advantages of shared approaches to leveraging existing datasets can include (1) reduced time to publication (particularly for graduate students), (2) reduced load on participants (particularly those from populations marginalized in engineering, who may receive numerous requests to participate in research studies), (3) maximized use of data collected with public funds, and (4) greater equity in the field through data transparency. In spite of these advantages, challenging questions remain—most notably, how to legally and ethically conduct SDA without sacrificing quality or harming participants, and how to conduct robust high-quality analyses when data were collected for another purpose. Although challenges remain, we argue that it is possible to make advances on these questions. Thus, here we offer practical guidance for engineering education researchers conducting SDA, as well as address some frequently asked questions about SDA that can arise
Like wringing water from a stone: Finding common ground in Transformative Agreement negotiations
No full textTransformative agreements (TAs) are now reaching their first decade as one of a range of models developed between publishers and library partners. Deployed at scale, they hold the potential to dramatically move research towards an open future. However, while there have been a number of early adopters and successful agreements, for those who are beginning to develop their first TAs, there are still a lot of open questions and challenges.
The unique circumstances of each party in a TA negotiation, including research profile, geographic location, and size, defines what is possible at an operational level between publishers and institutions. If the sky is the limit, how do we ensure that partners of all sizes and locations are given options to commit their resources to achieving the widespread transformation of research outputs?
This side-by-side panel features two seemingly similar libraries who have existing TAs with other publishers and a publisher who has agreements with other libraries. The panelists will explore the barriers and pain points they face in their mutual negotiations and consider what it will take to find common ground and to start moving towards a transformative agreement
De-Escalating the United States-China Trade War using a Global Conflict Resolution Methodology Framework
Get PDFHow can the United States and China collaboratively de-escalate their current trade relationship using a conflict resolution methodology to foster economic growth and foreign investor confidence in the evolving landscape of global trade? This paper will serve as a guide to those wanting to gain a comprehensive understanding of the macroeconomic causes and impacts of the contentious trade war between the U.S. and China. The year 2018 can be attributed to the start of the war when then-President Donald Trump implemented tariffs on Chinese goods and products. These back-and-forth financial and economic measures have been continually imposed to this day and tensions have escalated throughout the extensive timeline provided. Trade still remains tense between the two today with the United States’ growing concerns over Chinese foreign companies stealing U.S intellectual property. This conflict is complex and multi-faceted with the countries disputing on fronts such as intellectual property, technology, national security, foreign country developments and investments, trade deficit, and other factors. Various recommendations for policymakers in each country and future opportunities should utilize, emphasize, and closely follow cross-cultural communication tactics laid out at the end of the paper. Will there ever be a solution to the seemingly never-ending fire that ignites trade titans China and the United States? The aim of this paper is to shed light on potential solutions using a global conflict methodology so that negotiators can become more effective in creating mutually beneficial agreements
Margaret Ely Webb Bookplate Commissioned for M. E. W. (4 of 4)
No full texthttps://digital.sandiego.edu/bookplates-artists-webb/1045/thumbnail.jp
Margaret Ely Webb Bookplate Commissioned for Muriel Alderman
No full texthttps://digital.sandiego.edu/bookplates-artists-webb/1048/thumbnail.jp
Saving Genus Claims for Antibody Patents: What We Can Learn From the Foreign Jurisdictions
Get PDFIn the United States, therapeutic antibodies play a key role in the innovations for life-saving therapies. Genus claims—broad claims that cover a group of related species – are widely used in antibody patents, allowing the patentee to obtain broad protection of their inventions. However, a recent line of Federal Circuit decisions has created a higher bar to obtaining patent protection for antibodies. Specifically, it is now nearly impossible to maintain an antibody genus claim. Noteworthy, the United States’ treatment for antibody claims is diverging from other major jurisdictions in the world.
This Article argues the Supreme Court and Congress should reverse the trend of the over-restrictive disclosure requirement for antibody patents. This Article further discusses why the more restrictive test is harmful, what we can learn from foreign antibody protection, and provides proposed solutions to encourage development of innovative therapeutic antibodies