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Does breaking up moderate intensity continuous exercise into accumulated bouts improve postprandial metabolic outcomes in older adults?
No full textIntro: In the United States, there is a high incidence of CVD prevalence in older adults, low levels of chronic physical activity, and poor dietary habits. It is imperative to determine an optimal dose of exercise that is attainable and may mitigate adverse postprandial (post-meal) responses, which are strong predictors of cardiovascular disease risk. Exercise interventions with higher intensities, longer total durations, and/or greater energy expenditures seem most effective in attenuating postprandial metabolic markers such as triglycerides (TRG), glucose (GLU), and metabolic load index (MLI: summation of GLU and TRG), but the time and energy demands may be unrealistic for older populations. While several studies have broken up continuous exercise into accumulated bouts, this study is the first to our knowledge to assess whether accumulated exercise to expend 25% of the calories consumed in a high-fat meal (HFM) will lower postprandial TRG, GLU, and MLI, compared to continuous exercise, in older adults.
Methods: Ten older adults (n=10, 6F, 4M) participated in a partially randomized, crossover design with three conditions following a HFM: 1) sedentary for 6 hours (HFM) 2) one continuous walking bout (~30 minutes) (HFM+EX), and 3) breaking up the continuous exercise into 10 equal accumulated bouts (~3 minutes) (ACCU+EX). The HFM was Marie Callender\u27s Chocolate Satin Pie (57% fat; 37% CHO) consumed at 12 kcal/kg of body weight. Both exercise conditions expended 25% of the calories consumed. Mixed effects models were used to determine time, condition, and interaction effects on TRG, GLU, and MLI.
Results: There was a significant increase in TRG post-HFM (p \u3c 0.05), however, TRG were significantly lower in the HFM+EX compared to the HFM condition over time (p=0.02). HFM+EX exhibited lower TRG at 240 min (p=0.03), 300 min (p\u3c0.01), and 360 min (p=0.03) compared to HFM. Both HFM+EX and ACCU+EX had significant effects on GLU over time (p\u3c0.003). Specifically, at time point 60 min, both HFM+EX and ACCU+EX were significantly lower than HFM alone (p=0.03, p=0.02). At time point 120 min, HFM+EX was significantly higher than both HFM (p\u3c0.01) and ACCU+EX (p=0.01). MLI was significantly lower in the HFM+EX condition compared to HFM at time points 240 min (p=0.02), 300 min (p\u3c0.01), and 360 min (p=0.03). There was a trend towards significance for a lower MLI in the ACCU+EX condition compared to the HFM alone (p=0.07).
Conclusion: Following a HFM, continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 25% of calories consumed is effective at lowering TRG, GLU, and MLI. Accumulated bouts of exercise throughout the day are effective at reducing and maintaining GLU levels and do not appear to reduce postprandial TRG. However accumulated bouts may lower MLI, but have a lower attenuation compared with continuous exercise. It does appear that walking to expend 25% of calories consumed either continuously or throughout the day can mitigate postprandial metabolic outcomes, potentially reducing disease risk in older adults.
Abbreviations:
HFM: high fat meal
TRG: triglycerides
GLU: glucose
MLI: metabolic load index
EX: exercis
The Call is Coming from Inside the House: Sexual Misconduct in U.S. Band Programs
No full textThe purpose of this study was to articulate the experiences of former band students as they relate to sexual misconduct among students and staff. Researchers and investigators have claimed that band professionals have recently prioritized performance level and musical accomplishment over the safety and well-being of students (Office of University Compliance and Integrity, 2014; Nadolny, 2018; Wells, 2022). Authors of recent studies related to sexual misconduct in U.S. Bands have suggested that educators in the band profession prefer to handle sexual misconduct “in-house” (Wells, 2022) and that teachers may be the least likely group to report educator sexual misconduct (Tate, 2020) in spite of federal laws that classify teachers as mandated reporters (Grant, Wilkerson et al., 2019). The researcher conducted a nationwide survey using snowball sampling to identify former band students who were active in U.S. band programs between 2008 and 2018. Follow-up interviews were scheduled using volunteers from the survey which the researcher used to examine the human impact of sexual misconduct on former band students and their potentially altered views on band culture as a result of sexual misconduct experiences. Through this phenomenological mixed-methods study the researcher explored the impacts on band students who have witnessed the mishandling of sexual misconduct and the extent to which participants consider their experiences with sexual misconduct in U.S. band programs to be common. Recommendations for further research conclude the document
Renovation and expansion of leadership for all genders: Building toward inclusive foundations
Full text linkSome scholarship about leadership and gender has not defined gender or situated research questions within gender theory. Generally, scholarship has used a gender-binary, white, and Western-focused model of gender, assumed homogeneity among cisgender people, and excluded trans and gender-diverse people. Meanwhile, gender studies scholars have theorized gender as a social construction connected to power and to bodies, fluid, changing over time, and intersecting with other identities. This poster will survey foundational work in leadership studies that engages with contemporary gender theories and pose ideas for gender-inclusive explorations
February 27, 2025
Full text linkThe Breeze is the student newspaper of James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia
Downfall of Lockheed’s F-104 Starfighter: How the Rush of Cold War Re-Armament and an Aviation Industry in Crisis Led to One of the Bundeswehr’s First Scandals
Full text linkThe Starfighter Crisis, one of the Bundeswehr\u27s earliest and most notorious scandals, highlights the complexities of Cold War military rearmament and the pitfalls of rapid decision-making in the face of geopolitical pressures. This paper examines West Germany\u27s acquisition of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter in 1958, a move driven by the need to bolster NATO\u27s nuclear capabilities and strengthen political and economic ties with the United States. The F-104, while a marvel of aviation technology with its record-breaking speed and altitude, proved disastrous for the German Air Force due to its high accident rate, earning it nicknames like widow maker and flying coffin. This study delves into the political landscape following the Second World War, illustrating how urgent Cold War dynamics influenced hasty military strategies
Improving financial performance of firm mergers and acquisitions with corporate social responsibility: Assessing board diversity moderating effect on curvilinear CSR-M&A-related CFP relationship
No full textFirm stakeholders are persuading firm leadership to make investment decisions that benefit the environment and the social community around them. Firm leaders are also investing in merger and acquisition (M&A) growth strategies to improve profitability, although these strategies have a substantial risk of failure. Through the resource dependency theory lens, this study explored balancing the investment of resources in corporate social responsibility (CSR) to increase corporate financial performance (CFP) in firms with high M&A growth strategies. This study also examined the moderating effect of board leadership characteristics, specifically gender and ethnic minority board diversity, on the relationship between CSR and CFP for M&A growth firms. Using 4,707 time-lagged firm-year observations from 2008 to 2019, fixed-effects regression modeling was employed to test the hypothesized inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between CSR and CFP among M&A growth firms, as well as the moderating effects of board leader gender and ethnic minority diversity. The findings did not support the hypothesized inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between CSR and CFP, nor the moderating effect of board diversity on that relationship, with one exception. Findings did support a positive, linear CSR-CFP relationship when using a market-based CFP measure (Tobin’s Q) but not accounting-based CFP measures (return on assets and goodwill impairment). Findings also supported positive, linear relationships between board diversity and CFP, which was more consistently observed for board gender diversity than board ethnic minority diversity. Post-hoc analyses explored the moderating effects of firm assets on the CSR-CFP and board diversity-CFP relationships, with only limited support for these additional moderating effects. Study implications highlight the importance for leaders in considering the value leaders place on CSR and how well their CSR investments align with their M&A strategies and broader strategic goals. Similarly, findings highlight the importance of board leaders selecting board members based on the resources they bring to support CSR investments effectively
From Clicks to Classifications: Examining Effects and Addressing Rapid Guessing in Longitudinal DCMs
No full textRapid guessing, a disengaged test-taking behavior commonly observed in low-stakes assessments, poses a significant threat to the validity of inferences. While prior research has examined rapid guessing within IRT frameworks cross-sectionally and evaluated the use of effort-moderated approaches to mitigate its effects, limited attention has been given to its impact on multidimensional, longitudinal, and diagnostic models. This simulation study investigates how longitudinal rapid guessing factors affect sample inferences and individual classifications from the Transition Diagnostic Classification Model (TDCM). It also evaluates the ability of the effort-moderated approach to mitigate these effects. Results indicate that failing to account for rapid guessing leads to underestimation of learning and learning growth, with the magnitude of bias sensitive to true attribute growth—which is unknown in practice. The effort-moderated approach effectively mitigated bias under missing completely at random (MCAR) conditions but tended to overestimate learning and growth under missing at random (MAR) conditions. Its effectiveness was influenced by item quality and the degree of missingness but was not sensitive to true attribute growth