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The Impact of Behavior Skills Training on Secondary Math Teachers’ Use of Evidence Based Classroom Management Strategies
Get PDFSchool-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS) is a research-based approach that improves student engagement, behavior, and school culture, primarily in elementary schools, but is growing in secondary schools. Secondary teachers often resist SW-PBIS due to perceptions that it’s meant for younger students and the belief that high schoolers should already know socially appropriate behavior. One significant barrier to its implementation is the lack of time and space for effective teacher training at the secondary level (Estrapala et al., 2021; Swain-Bradway et al., 2015). Behavior skills training (BST), derived from applied behavior analysis, has proven effective in training educators to improve classroom management (Leaf et al., 2015). This study evaluated BST’s effectiveness in teaching secondary math teachers two strategies: review and implementation of classroom expectations and delivering behavior-specific praise. A single-subject A-B-C design was used with four participants. After baseline was collected, a training occurred with two post-training phases and the second phase included feedback. Results showed that three out of four teachers increased their implementation of classroom expectations and behavior-specific praise. These improvements were sustained after feedback was provided. A social validity measure indicated that all participants found the training effective and manageable. The study highlights the need for better training models for secondary teachers and suggests future research should explore the connection between classroom management and student math achievement. The findings emphasize the importance of extending evidence-based practices like SW-PBIS to secondary education, with a focus on training that includes feedback
New Deals in Southeast Asia: Women’s Leadership in ASEAN Under the Shadow of America First
Get PDFThis paper examines how ASEAN states strategically recalibrate gender governance amid U.S. hegemonic retrenchment following Donald Trump’s 2024 reelection. Bridging feminist international relations, comparative institutionalism, and political economy, it theorizes strategic gender mainstreaming—the instrumental repurposing of gender norms by states to sustain legitimacy while navigating geopolitical realignment. Using original panel data (2000–2024) and multi-model regression techniques, including fixed effects, instrumental variables, and vector autoregression, the study demonstrates that U.S. aid withdrawal produces regime-contingent effects: democratic regimes increase women’s parliamentary representation, while hybrid regimes experience decline. Contrary to linear norm diffusion theories, findings reveal that Chinese trade engagement—despite lacking explicit feminist commitments—can indirectly foster gender inclusion through labor-market integration and state developmental logics. The paper introduces a developmental pathway hypothesis, positing that economic modernization under non-Western hegemony may generate novel routes to descriptive representation. These results reframe gender inclusion as a function of institutional adaptation under multipolarity, contributing to broader debates on feminist governance, norm contestation, and the reconstitution of political authority in the post-liberal international order
Constitutional Dictatorship and Enemies Within: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis of the Alien and Sedition Acts from John Adams to Donald Trump
Get PDFThis article traces the historical evolution of U.S. presidential emergency powers, examining how successive administrations have exploited national crises to consolidate executive authority and target perceived “enemies within” by criminalizing immigration, suppressing dissent, and suspending constitutional rights and liberties — including due process — in the name of national security. It begins by defining key concepts — constitutional dictatorship, states of exception, imperial presidency, and unitary executive theory — and situates these concepts within long-standing critiques of the U.S. Constitution’s flawed, anti-democratic design. The analysis surveys historical episodes, including John Adams’s 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, Abraham Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War, Woodrow Wilson’s World War I-era repression and First Red Scare ideological crackdowns, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, and Harry Truman’s early Cold War and Second Red Scare loyalty purges. It further examines the Post-9/11 expansion of executive power under George W. Bush and Barack Obama. The article then turns to the second Trump administration’s unprecedented peacetime invocation of the Alien Enemies Act to justify mass deportations — including the removal of lawful permanent residents and U.S. citizens — alongside the militarization of the U.S.–Mexico border, the expansion of domestic law enforcement’s scope and capacity, and the suppression of academic freedom and campus speech. The article concludes that the normalization of peacetime emergency powers advances a maximalist and unchecked unitary executive, posing an existential threat to both the constitutional separation of powers and the durability of constitutional rights and liberties in the United States
Warts, Their Treatment, and the Role of Cimetidine: Exploring Therapeutic Approaches and Efficacy
No full textWarts can be irritating for patients and healthcare providers by causing embarrassment, discomfort, and frustration due to resistance and recurrence. Warts have been around for thousands of years yet there still is no clear definitive therapy. This article provides an overarching review of the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, prevention, and complications of viral warts. Common management options used for the treatment of viral warts are discussed to help expand providers’ awareness of the available options. Finally, the article strives to educate providers and patients on cimetidine as a novel treatment option for warts. Most people are only familiar with cimetidine as a treatment for peptic ulcer disease, heartburn, and reflux. However, cimetidine is a Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist with immunomodulatory effects that have also displayed encouraging results in wart remission for patients with multiple or refractory warts
Approach to Differentiating and Diagnosing Kawasaki Disease in Children
No full textKawasaki disease, also called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an infectious condition causing inflammation of the walls of small to medium sized blood vessels. It is primarily seen in children under the age of 5 in which it affects the arteries supplying blood to the heart. Because of this, Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in the United States and can cause serious complications including coronary artery dilations and aneurysms. Due to the similarities in presentation of Kawasaki disease to other infectious disorders, (such as streptococcal pharyngitis, measles, and rubella), it can be difficult to diagnose right away. To avoid the risk of permanent heart complications, Kawasaki disease must be treated as promptly as possible. Therefore, it is essential for providers to be aware of the approach to early diagnosis, treatment, and management of Kawasaki disease. This article aims to provide evidence-based guidelines to achieve early and prompt diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in order to prevent long-term heart defects and improve overall quality of life in children with the disease
Breaking the Silence: Understanding Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Evidence-Based Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment
No full textHidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is an autoinflammatory condition that causes debilitating, painful dermal lumps deep within the skin. This condition is frequently misdiagnosed, and can have severe complications, such as emergency room visits for sepsis or drainage for relief. Often, without proper management of this condition, it can lead to a decrease in quality of life and pain. Getting treatment can help reduce flare-ups; however, not every treatment option works for everyone or is safe for long-term use. Therefore, it is critical to stay updated on new clinical pharmacological treatment research/evidence that can help patients’ well-being. This article aims to provide evidence-based practice guidelines for treatment of HS. It aims to educate both healthcare providers and patients on the classification system for diagnosis, the potential causes, and misconceptions associated with the condition as well as treatment options for those suffering from HS
Primary Care Management of Medically Unexplained Symptoms in Older Adults
No full textThe objective of this continuing medical education article is to update primary care providers (PCP) regarding the presentation, identification, and management of older adults with somatic symptom and related disorders, a group of conditions characterized by multiple somatic symptoms. Diagnosis poses a challenge because somatic symptoms may be vague, lack organic etiology, or be psychogenic in origin. Due to several factors, including PCP fear of overlooking a serious illness, diagnosis is especially difficult in older adults. PCPs are uniquely situated to mitigate the harms of somatic symptom disorders in older adults given their standing relationships and more frequent encounters with patients compared to other specialized providers. This article identifies key risk factors, history and physical examination findings, and diagnostic techniques to aid in making a diagnosis. An algorithm is provided to inform subsequent management. Included are recommendations on patient counseling and education, which is regarded as one of the most effective interventions. PCPs will continue to encounter geriatric patients with multiple somatic symptoms, and they should incorporate these recommendations into their practice
CME: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Advances and Individualized, Holistic Treatment Approaches
No full textIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent, chronic gastrointestinal disorder affecting approximately 4% of the global population. Despite its widespread impact, effective diagnosis and treatment remain challenging due to symptom overlap with other gastrointestinal conditions and the absence of definitive biomarkers. Diagnosis primarily relies on the Rome IV Criteria, which emphasizes symptom frequency and characteristics, and categorizes IBS into three subtypes: IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), and IBS-M (mixed type). The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving gut-brain axis dysregulation, altered gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and significant psychological components such as anxiety and stress.
Recent advances in IBS management highlight the importance of individualized, holistic approaches to treatment. Dietary modifications, particularly the low-FODMAP diet, have demonstrated efficacy, especially in IBS-D. Pharmacologic treatments are subtype-specific, targeting underlying mechanisms to relieve symptoms. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) show promise in managing psychological comorbidities. Complementary therapies, including peppermint oil, probiotics, and acupuncture, offer additional symptom relief. Emerging technologies, such as telemedicine and AI-driven care models, are enhancing patient monitoring and treatment personalization. This comprehensive approach underscores the need for continued education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative research to optimize outcomes for IBS patients
Exercise as a First-Line Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Patients with Comorbid Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Get PDFIn the modern practice of medicine, the primary care clinician must often treat major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients with comorbid type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While exercise has been proposed as a first-line treatment for this cohort of patients, existing research has yet to robustly define the best type of physical activity intervention for MDD in comparison to pharmacological and psychological interventions. For the aforementioned reasoning, this review aims to investigate the role of exercise as a treatment for MDD in patients with T2DM and to provide guidance based on current research for management in the primary care setting. This CME article will highlight relevant studies investigating the role of exercise and its utility in comparison to the current first line MDD treatments of psychiatric medication and talk therapy