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Hit the Road, Jack: The Auto Industry as the Next Vehicle for Predatory Infringement
Get PDFWhile patents, patent litigation, and patent pools have been part of the automotive industry since the late-1800s, the prevalence of technology covered by standards and accompanying standard essential patents (SEPs) is much more recent. Today’s smart cars and the widespread incorporation of telecommunication and Internet of Things standards in vehicles raise concerns about how well the automotive industry will be able to adapt to this new SEP-laden future. This article predicts that predatory infringement of SEPs for two related reasons. First, although some industries, such as telecommunications, have long dealt with SEPs, the incorporation of standardized technology is more recent in automotives. The automotive industry has experience with patents and will undoubtedly mature into a level of comfort with SEPs, but because they are late to the SEP game, it is likely that automotive SEP policy will be driven by existing precedent from other industries. This is a problem because of the second reason, which is the fact that the history of patent licensing in the automotive industry has been quite different from that in telecommunications. Although patent licenses had usually been taken at the component manufacturer or supplier level, SEPs are often licensed at the end-user or final product level. This licensing shift in the car industry, coupled with its infancy in the SEP space, create an easy road for predatory infringement to occur
James Ravenscroft\u27s Reports of Cases in the Court of Common Pleas (1623-1633)
Get PDFJames Ravenscroft was born in 1595, the son of Thomas Ravenscroft of Fould Park, Middlesex, and Bridget Powell. The Ravenscrofts were an ancient Flintshire family. (Thomas Ravenscroft (1563-1631) was a cousin of Lord Ellesmere\u27s first wife, a member of Parliament in 1621, and a Cursitor in the Chancery.) James was admitted at Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1613, and received his B.A. degree in 1616. He was admitted to the Inner Temple on 29 May 1617, and he was called to the bar on 21 May 1626. James was married to Mary Peck; they resided in High Holborn, and had eleven children. In addition to being a lawyer, he had a mercantile business. In 1679, he founded Jesus Hospital in Wood Street, Chipping Barnet, which was an almshouse. He had previously made a very generous donation to the rebuilding of the vestry of Barnet Church, where he was buried. He also established a trust for the maintenance of the parish church. James Ravenscroft died on 10 December 1680 at the age of 85.
James Ravenscroft\u27s reports of cases date from 21 Jac. I (1623) to 9 Car. I (1633). This set of law reports has survived in only one known copy, British Library MS. Lansdowne 1094. This manuscript is signed by James Ravenscroft on page 135. It was owned by Edward Umfreville (d. 1786) in 1727, and purchased in 1758 by William Petty, marquess of Lansdowne (1737-1805). Lord Lansdowne\u27s extensive collection of manuscripts, including this one, was bought by the British Museum, now the British Library, in 1807.
The cases reported here come primarily from the Court of Common Pleas. In addition, there are forty-one cases from the Court of King\u27s Bench, four from the Court of Exchequer, two from the the Court of Star Chamber, two from the Assizes, one from the Court of Exchequer Chamber, and two from the Court of Chancery. At pages 12 to 17 is \u27A charge to the Grand Enquest of Middlesex by Dandridge, Justice in the King\u27s Bench\u27; this is not included herein. Ravenscroft did not report any cases from the year 1625, during which there was a virulent outbreak of the plague in London. He probably retreated from London to the country that year. There are only seventeen cases after 1631, the date of his father\u27s death. A word- search of the English Reports Reprint comes up with no mention of him, thus, no mention of his being of counsel in any case. Perhaps, he left the practice of law to take over his father\u27s mercantile business. Ravenscroft died in 1680, a wealthy man. However, this is speculation, because the last case reported ends in mid-sentence at the bottom of page 149; thus page 150 has been lost, and there could have been much more text that might show a continued attendance at court
A Beginner\u27s Guide to Cryptocurrencies: Explaining the Technologies Behind Cryptocurrencies, How the United States Taxes and Regulates Them, and Offering Changes to the Existing Taxation and Regulation Schemes
Get PDFThe United States federal government has attempted to use its existing regulatory and taxation schemes to regulate and tax cryptocurrencies, while many individuals are still unsure as to what cryptocurrency really is. The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodities Future Trading Commission have both asserted their jurisdiction over cryptocurrency, resulting in unclear guidance for developers in the cryptocurrency space and a failure to adequately protect investors. Further, the Internal Revenue Service taxes cryptocurrency like a security rather than a currency, which disincentivizes adopting cryptocurrency as a form of payment. Nevertheless, although cryptocurrencies are taxed like securities, there are tax breaks for securities and commodities activities that are not currently available for cryptocurrency activities. Under the United States’ current approach, investors will remain vulnerable to fraud, and businesses and individuals using cryptocurrencies for goods and services will be subject to an extra level of taxation
An affordable three-dimensional (3D) printed two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology chamber
No full textTwo electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes is a common approach to studying the physiology and pharmacology of membrane transport proteins. Undergraduates may learn to use TEVC methodology in neuroscience or physiology courses and/or in faculty-mentored research experiences. Challenges with the methodology include the cost of commercially available recording chambers, especially when a lab needs multiple copies, and the additional time and expertise needed to use agar bridges and to stabilize solution flow and minimize noise from solution aspiration. Offering a low-cost and accessible recording chamber that overcomes these challenges would lower the barriers to success for undergraduates while also supporting publication-quality recordings. To address these issues, we developed a recording chamber using stereolithography, a 3D printing process. The physiology (PhISio) recording chamber features two options for solution aspiration that allow for individual preferences, optimizes placement of pre-made agar bridges to achieve laminar flow and reduce the time delays in initiating daily experiments, and minimizes the challenges of changing solution height and aspiration noise during perfusion. We compared the functionality of the PhISio chamber with a commercially available Warner Instruments RC-1Z chamber in electrophysiological recordings of inwardly rectifying potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The PhISio chamber produced equivalent results to the RC-1Z chamber with respect to time-dependent solution changes and has several operational advantages for both new and experienced electrophysiologists, providing an affordable and convenient alternative to commercially available TEVC recording chambers
Comparative Analysis of the Donor Properties of Isomeric Pyrrolyl Phosphine Ligands
No full textUnderstanding the net donor and electronic properties of pyrrole-based phosphines is critical for guiding their use as ligands. In this study, we compare two isomeric 1- and 2-(diphenylphosphino)methylpyrroles (L1 and L2, respectively) to determine the degree to which N-(phosphino)pyrroles are distinct from aryl- and 2-pyrrolyl phosphines. Ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, and gold complexes as well as selenide derivatives of these ligands are examined using NMR and IR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and cyclic voltammetry. Ligand L2 exhibits net donor properties similar to those of the o-tolyl analogue L3, while L1 shows attenuated electron donation ability. Additionally, a model nickel-catalyzed Kumada coupling reaction using these three ligands was investigated
Block symmetries in graph coloring reconfiguration systems
No full textIn this paper, we study reconfiguration systems for proper graph colorings modified by single-vertex recolorings. Applying a general construction of Ghrist and Peterson [15] to the graph coloring problem, we consider cubical complexes in which cubes represent recolorings of independent sets of vertices. For any choice of base graph and number of colors, the 0-skeleton of the associated coloring state complex is the set of proper colorings, and the 1-skeleton is the transition graph. Appealing to symmetries induced by color permutation, we give two main results regarding the organization of the biconnected components (blocks) of coloring transition graphs and the colorings within those blocks. First, the 1-skeleton of any connected coloring state complex has a unique block whose vertex set is the union of entire classes of isomorphic colorings. We call this block the nucleus. Second, the nucleus of the state complex of any non-empty graph contains a non-trivial cycle. This implies that although the state complex for any reconfiguration system is locally CAT(0) [15], only the very simplest coloring state complexes are globally CAT(0)
“But angels don’t have wings”: Art, religion, and Michelangelo’s Last Judgment in Gilio’s Dialogue on the Errors and Abuses of Painters
No full textThis article provides a close reading of Giovanni Andrea Gilio’s critique of Michelangelo’s Last Judgment as presented in the Dialogue on the Errors and Abuses of Painters (1564). The dialogue has generally been taken as reflecting the emerging Counter-Reformation concerns regarding the indecorousness of contemporary religious art, concerns that led to the censoring of the Last Judgment’s nudes in 1564 after the Council of Trent’s decree on sacred images. One frequent justification for ecclesiastical oversight over the production of religious art was that artists such as Michelangelo had prioritized their art over its religious contents and devotional aims. Though Gilio’s work has been read as confirming this view, this essay argues that the various opinions expressed during the animated exchanges in the dialogue yield a set of nuanced and often innovative interpretations of the Last Judgmentthat resist a reductive dichotomy between art and religion. Whether intentionally or not, the dialogue conveys that by the time of Michelangelo, and perhaps because of Michelangelo, the forms of art and the contents of religion could not be so easily distinguished from each other, largely because the artist’s subjectivity blurred the boundaries between the two
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Inactivity Among Secondary School Students in the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-Based Student Health Survey
No full textBACKGROUND
The 2020 World Health Organization Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior are the first to provide evidence-based recommendations for reducing both dimensions of languorous behavior. The relationship between sitting time and exercise remains understudied among diverse adolescent populations worldwide. METHODS
The 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-based Student Health Survey was a nationally representative cross-sectional study of secondary school students. RESULTS
Of the 2798 participants, 82% did not engage in moderate or vigorous physical activity for at least an hour every day, 25% sat for 3 or more hours each day outside of school and homework, and 87% were physically inactive and/or sedentary based on those thresholds. Girls who never or rarely exercised tended to maintain light physical activity outside of school rather than sitting, while boys who exercised daily tended to be sedentary when they were not playing sports. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY
Students spend their waking hours doing a mix of sitting, light physical activity, and moderate or vigorous physical activity. Schools can help reduce sedentarism and increase movement among students. CONCLUSIONS
Home, school, and community health interventions may be useful for increasing energy expenditure among adolescents in low- and middle-income countrie
RSK tableaux and the weak orderon fully commutative permutations
No full textFor each fully commutative permutation, we construct a “boolean core,” which is the maximal boolean permutation in its principal order ideal under the right weak order. We partition the set of fully commutative permutations into the recently defined crowded and uncrowded elements, distinguished by whether or not their RSK insertion tableaux satisfy a sparsity condition. We show that a fully commutative element is uncrowded exactly when it shares the RSK insertion tableau with its boolean core. We present the dynamics of the right weak order on fully commutative permutations, with particular interest in when they change from uncrowded to crowded. In particular, we use consecutive permutation patterns and descents to characterize the minimal crowded elements under the right weak order
Can AI Support Fiction Writers Without Writing For Them?
No full textThe HCI community has intensively explored the employment of AIs in story generation. However, creative writers may have mixed perceptions about their ownership of the story when there are significant AI contributions. We explore opportunities for AIs to support fiction writers without compromising their feeling of story ownership. In this paper, we present preliminary results of a formative interview study with fiction writers ( = 9), focusing on their practice and the challenges of the story-writing process. We discuss some of the challenges these writers face and propose design opportunities to address these challenges in ways other than text generation