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A Study of the Relationship between Polymer Solution Entanglement and Electrospun PCL Fiber Mechanics
No full textElectrospun fibers range in size from nanometers to micrometers and have a multitude of potential applications that depend upon their morphology and mechanics. In this paper, we investigate the effect of polymer solution entanglement on the mechanical properties of individual electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers. Multiple concentrations of PCL, a biocompatible polymer, were dissolved in a minimum toxicity solvent composed of acetic acid and formic acid. The number of entanglements per polymer (ne) in solution was calculated using the polymer volume fraction, and the resultant electrospun fiber morphology and mechanics were measured. Consistent electrospinning of smooth fibers was achieved for solutions with ne ranging from 3.8 to 4.9, and the corresponding concentration of 13 g/dL to 17 g/dL PCL. The initial modulus of the resultant fibers did not depend upon polymer entanglement. However, the examination of fiber mechanics at higher strains, performed via lateral force atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealed differences among the fibers formed at various concentrations. Average fiber extensibility increased by 35% as the polymer entanglement number increased from a 3.8 ne solution to a 4.9 nesolution. All PCL fibers displayed strain-hardening behavior. On average, the stress increased with strain to the second power. Therefore, the larger extensibilities at higher ne also led to a more than double increase in fiber strength. Our results support the role of polymer entanglement in the mechanical properties of electrospun fiber at large strains
Brian Henry on Tomaž Šalamun’s “Sutra”
No full textSince April 2021, I have been translating and editing a comprehensive volume of selected poems by the Slovenian poet Tomaž Šalamun (1941-2014). Šalamun published 53 individual books of poetry, so there is plenty to choose from and plenty to translate. Reading all of his books without relying on English translations has led me to admire his work more than ever, since I’ve been able to trace the evolution of his poetry—particularly his handling of form, style, and subject matter—and to recognize the consistency of certain obsessions, techniques, and images
On “Black Oval Shapes,” “Folk Song,” and “The Fish”
No full textBRIAN HENRY on translating Tomaž Šalamun\u27s poems.
Editor\u27s Note:
Read the poems and translations this note is about “Črne ovalne oblike,” “Black Oval Shapes,” “Ljudska,” “Folk Song,” “Riba,” and “The Fish.
I Ride a Horse
No full textTomaž Šalamun (1941-2014) published more than 50 books of poetry in Slovenia. Translated into over 25 languages, his poetry received numerous awards, including the Jenko Prize, the Prešeren Prize, the European Prize for Poetry, and the Mladost Prize. In the 1990s, he served for several years as the Cultural Attaché for the Slovenian Embassy in New York, and later held visiting professorships at various universities in the U.S.
Brian Henry is the author of eleven books of poetry, most recently Permanent State (Threadsuns, 2020), and the prose book Things Are Completely Simple: Poetry and Translation (Parlor, 2022). He has translated Tomaž Šalamun’s Woods and Chalices (Harcourt, 2008), Aleš Debeljak’s Smugglers (BOA Editions, 2015), and five books by Aleš Šteger. His work has received numerous honors, including two NEA fellowships, the Alice Fay di Castagnola Award, a Howard Foundation fellowship, and the Best Translated Book Award
Peace to the People on Earth
No full textTomaž Šalamun (1941-2014) published more than 50 books of poetry in Slovenia. Translated into over 25 languages, his poetry received numerous awards, including the Jenko Prize, the Prešeren Prize, the European Prize for Poetry, and the Mladost Prize. Kiss the Eyes of Peace: Selected Poems 1964-2014 (edited and translated by Brian Henry) is forthcoming from Milkweed Editions in 2024.
Brian Henry is the author of eleven books of poetry, most recently Permanent State, and the prose book Things Are Completely Simple: Poetry and Translation. He has translated Tomaž Šalamun’s Woods and Chalices, Aleš Debeljak’s Smugglers, and six books by Aleš Šteger. His work has received numerous honors, including two NEA fellowships and the Best Translated Book Award
The Paradox of Peace: The Impact of Normalization with Israel on the Arab World
No full textHow can peace initiatives facilitate authoritarian practices? Peace initiatives that do not address the root causes of conflict, and maintain structural violence, can facilitate authoritarian practices through both material and discursive mechanisms. I use the recent steps towards normalization and, in some instances, peace agreements between Israel and a number of Arab states to make this argument. I examine this dynamic across Gulf Cooperation Council states with varying authoritarian practices and ties to Israel. This paper contributes to our understanding of the impacts of illiberal peace and how it functions, transnationally and at varying levels within and outside state authority
Emotionality effects in Korean visual word recognition: Evidence from lab-based and web-based lexical decision tasks
No full textPrevious studies have shown that processes of word recognition are influenced by the emotional content of a word. This pattern is most readily explained by the motivated attention and affective states model (Lang, Bradley & Cuthbert, 1997), which states that emotional stimuli are motivationally significant and capture attention. Drawing on this theoretical account, the current study compared lexical decision response times to positive and negative emotion words versus neutral words across two experimental environments - a traditional lab-based environment and a web-based environment. In addition, the experiment was conducted using Korean words presented to native Korean speakers in order to test whether the emotionality effect emerges in a non-English language. The results revealed faster response times to emotion words versus neutral words across both experimental environments with no evidence of a difference between the two environments. These findings provide important evidence that emotion words successfully attract attention and facilitate word processing even in situations where participants might be more easily distracted than they would be in a traditional lab setting. This work also constitutes the first demonstration of an emotionality effect in Korean word recognition, thus providing further evidence that the emotionality effect may be a language-universal phenomenon
Expecting to achieve against the odds: Anti-immigrant sentiment and immigrants\u27 educational and occupational expectations in Europe
No full textScholars have identified many factors that lead to changes in anti-immigrant sentiment. Less is known, however, about the effects of anti-immigrant sentiment on the academic experiences and outcomes of immigrant students. This manuscript examines the relationship between anti-immigrant sentiment and immigrants’ expectations to achieve a college degree and career success in Europe. Consistent with established literature on immigrant optimism, this study finds that immigrants generally have higher educational and occupational expectations than their nonimmigrant peers. However, these positive associations decrease in countries with higher levels of anti-immigrant sentiment. These patterns manifest for both first- and second-generation immigrants, indicating that the potential deleterious effects of anti-immigrant sentiment span generations of immigrants. These findings shed light on the out-of-family and out-of-school factors that shape the educational trajectories of immigrant youth and show that increases in anti-immigrant sentiment might bring about long-term damage to the success of immigrants in their host countries. They also suggest that school administrators and policymakers interested in immigrant success in the host countries should take anti-immigrant sentiment into account when devising approaches to aid immigrant incorporation
[Description of] American Visions: The United States, 1800-1860
No full textA revealing history of the formative period when voices of dissent and innovation defied power and created visions of America still resonant today.
With so many of our histories falling into dour critique or blatant celebration, here is a welcome departure: a book that offers hope as well as honesty about the American past. The early decades of the nineteenth century saw the expansion of slavery, Native dispossession, and wars with Canada and Mexico. Mass immigration and powerful religious movements sent tremors through American society. But even as the powerful defended the status quo, others defied it: voices from the margins moved the center; eccentric visions altered the accepted wisdom, and acts of empathy questioned self-interest. Edward L. Ayers’s rich history examines the visions that moved Frederick Douglass, Margaret Fuller, the Native American activist William Apess, and others to challenge entrenched practices and beliefs. So, Lydia Maria Child condemned the racism of her fellow northerners at great personal cost. Melville and Thoreau, Joseph Smith and Samuel Morse all charted new paths for America in the realms of art, nature, belief, and technology. It was Henry David Thoreau who, speaking of John Brown, challenged a hostile crowd Is it not possible that an individual may be right and a government wrong?
Through decades of award-winning scholarship on the Civil War, Edward L. Ayers has himself ventured beyond the interpretative status quo to recover the range of possibilities embedded in the past as it was lived. Here he turns that distinctive historical sensibility to a period when bold visionaries and critics built vigorous traditions of dissent and innovation into the foundation of the nation. Those traditions remain alive for us today.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1400/thumbnail.jp