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Are malaria transmission-blocking vaccines acceptable to high burden communities? Results from a mixed methods study in Bo, Sierra Leone
No full textBackground
Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) could help break the cycle of malaria transmission by conferring community rather than individual protection. When introducing new intervention strategies, uptake is dependent on acceptability, not just efficacy. In this exploratory study on acceptability of TBVs in Sierra Leone, it was hypothesized that TBVs would be largely acceptable to adults and health workers in areas with relatively few ongoing malaria interventions, and that (i) knowledge of malaria and vaccines, (ii) health behaviours associated with malaria and vaccines, and (iii) attitudes towards different vaccines types could lead to greater TBV acceptability. Methods
This study used a mixed methods approach in Bo, Sierra Leone, to understand community knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria and vaccination in general. This included: (i) a population-based cross-sectional survey (n=615 adults), (ii) 6 focus group discussions with parents, and (iii) 20 key informant interviews. The concept of a TBV was explained to participants before they were asked about their willingness to accept this vaccine modality as part of an integrated malaria elimination programme. Results
This study found that most adults would be willing to receive a TBV vaccine. Respondents noted mostly positive past experiences with adult and childhood vaccinations for other infectious diseases and high levels of engagement in other malaria prevention behaviors such as bed nets. Perceived barriers to TBV acceptance were largely focused on general community-level distribution of a vaccine, including personal fears of vaccination and possible costs. After an explanation of the TBV mechanism, nearly all focus group and interview participants believed that community members would accept the vaccine as part of an integrated malaria control approach. Both parents and health workers offered insight on how to successfully roll-out a future TBV vaccination programme. Conclusions
The willingness of community members in Bo, Sierra Leone to accept a TBV as part of an integrated anti-malarial strategy suggests that the atypical mechanism of TBV action might not be an obstacle to future clinical trials. This study’s findings suggests that perceived general barriers to vaccination implementation, such as perceived personal fears and vaccine cost, must be addressed in future clinical and implementation research studies
e-Museletter: November 2021
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National Culture and International Business: A Path Forward
No full textThe anniversary of Kogut and Singh’s construct of “cultural distance” is a good time to reflect on this immensely popular but flawed construct, assess the efficacy of the remedies offered for its reform and refinement, and chart an alternative approach that represents a departure from distance as the dominant paradigm with which to view and analyze the impact of national culture on cross-border business. The proposed alternative, a contact-based framework shifts attention from what sets cultures apart towards the actual cultural interface that firms and their executives experience when participating in an international transaction. With this lens, the cultural exchange is regarded as an evolving interactional process of engagement, which commences prior to a transaction and proceeds through the life of the inter-party arrangement and beyond, and whose potential to yield negative – or positive – outcome is subject to specific contingencies. Implications for theory, methodology, and practice are delineated
On quasilinear parabolic equations and continuous maximal regularity
Get PDFWe consider a class of abstract quasilinear parabolic problems with lower–order terms exhibiting a prescribed singular structure. We prove well–posedness and Lipschitz continuity of associated semiflows. Moreover, we investigate global existence of solutions and we extend the generalized principle of linearized stability to settings with initial values in critical spaces. These general results are applied to the surface diffusion flow in various settings
The Challenge of Litigating Freedom
No full textBook Review of: Loren Schweninger, Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. x + 428 pp. Appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $39.95.
Recent years have seen the publication of excellent new scholarship on “freedom suits,” legal action by enslaved African Americans to obtain release from bondage. Loren Schweninger’s Appealing for Liberty adds to this growing body of literature by offering unparalleled geographic breadth and temporal scope, making this the most comprehensive book on such suits available. This is not simply a book about slavery, courts, and the law, however. Records of freedom suits, Schweninger explains, are “social and legal history fused” (p. 6) and offer insights into the experiences, values, and desires of enslaved Americans.
Much of the strength of this book derives from Schweninger’s massive source base. Freedom suits are difficult to locate because they are intermixed with other cases in local court records. As a result, most scholarship on freedom suits has focused on a handful of cases or utilized records from a confined geographic region. This book draws on 2,023 lawsuits, involving 4,601 plaintiffs, representing 200 counties in 15 states and the District of Columbia, filed between 1779 and 1863. Schweninger has spent much of his career working to gather this documentary evidence as director of the Race and Slavery Petitions Project at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and founder of the Digital Library on American Slavery
e-Museletter: November 2020
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Systematicity, normativity, and The Nature of International Law
No full textThis essay offers some critical remarks on Miodrag Jovanović’s ambitious attempt to deploy arguments developed within analytic legal philosophy to make sense of core features of the international legal order. First, I argue that Jovanović endorses a common but mistaken reading of H.L.A. Hart’s analysis of international law. Properly understood, Hart’s take on international law is one Jovanović shares. Second, I raise several objections to Jovanović’s depiction of (international) law’s normativity, including both his account of what makes law legitimate and his description of the role legitimate law plays in its subjects’ practical reasoning
Lawgivers, Virtue, and the Mixed Regime: Reflections on Richard Bodéüs’s The Political Dimensions of Aristotle’s Ethics
No full textIn this paper, I engage with the works of Richard Bodéüs about Aristotle’s understanding of the relationship between law, virtue, and education. I argue that there is an important difference between the demands of the law and those of reason, especially in the defective, but more common, regimes. This difference is also found in the best regime possible for most cities, the mixed regime Aristotle calls ‘polity’ (or, in Greek, politeia), insofar as it represents a balance between oligarchy and democracy. To educate citizens in this regime requires what Aristotle calls “political philosophy.
Curricular Models and Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Minors in Global Health
No full textBackground: A growing number of institutions of higher education offer undergraduate educational programs in global health.
Objective: To identify all undergraduate minors in global health being offered in the United States during the 2019–20 academic year, categorize the curricula being used by secondary programs of study, evaluate the content of required foundational courses, and examine the types of experiential learning opportunities that are offered.
Methods: A working group of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) conducted a systematic review of the websites of all accredited 4-year colleges and universities, identifying 84 institutions offering general global health minors.
Findings: A typical global health minor consists of one introduction to global health course, one epidemiology or health research methods course, several additional required or selective courses, and one applied learning experience. Within this general structure, five curricular models are currently being used for global health minors: (1) intensive minors composed of specialty global health courses, (2) global public health minors built on a core set of public health courses, (3) multidisciplinary minors requiring courses in the sciences and social sciences, (4) anthropology centric minors, and (5) flexible minors.
Conclusions: CUGH recommends ten undergraduate student learning objectives in global health that encompass the history and functions of global health; globalization and health; social determinants of health; environmental health; health and human rights; comparative health systems; global health agencies and organizations; the global burden of disease; global health interventions; and interdisciplinary and interprofessional perspectives