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Out of Our Depth with Deep Fakes: How the Law Fails Victims of Deep Fake Nonconsensual Pornography
Get PDFPeople have used deep fake technology to generate nonconsensual pornography (NCP) since at least 2017. With technological advances, deep fakes are increasingly easy to create and difficult to identify. This article explores the dearth of both technological and legal recourse for victims of deep fake NCP. It first reviews existing technical solutions for detecting deep fakes, finding that successful deep fake classifiers are often only successful for a short while. As soon as computer scientists publish their work, others build on their discoveries to beat the classification mechanism. Deep fake technology is now so advanced that classification technologies cannot reliably detect them. Because technology cannot help victims of deep fake NCP trace and take down the deep fake content, this article next explores potential avenues for legal redress. Current interpretations of § 230 of the Communications Decency Act immunize websites that host user-contributed content against state civil claims, obstructing victims’ attempts to effectuate takedown. While existing scholarship regularly notes that § 230 does not preclude copyright infringement claims, the process of filing a copyright claim is not wellsuited to NCP victims and, even if it were, fair use doctrine likely protects websites that host deep fake NCP because of deep fakes’ transformative nature and the fact that NCP impacts a market in which most victims do not participate. This article finds that copyright—designed to protect intellectual property, not address sexual violence—is an inappropriate solution to deep fake NCP. This article ultimately concludes that the legislature should revise § 230 of the Communications Decency Act to provide legal recourse to victims of deep fake NCP
Cultivated Wild: Enhancing Human Health in Cities Through Green Projects Especially During a Pandemic
Get PDFThe University of Richmond Eco-corridor, a new renovation project, transformed a wildly overgrown area into one of beauty with several recreational uses. The opening of this project comes at an important time for local outdoor recreation in cities, the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous work has suggested that landscapes are more beautiful when there is minimal human impact, therefore wilderness scenes are more likely to be used for nature walks and observing nature. While other studies suggest that beauty is dependent on how the land may be used, suggesting that “cultivated wild” is preferrable. This paper used an observational study and a survey to determine the effectiveness of this project for enhancing human overall wellbeing and increasing usage of the space. The observational study found roughly 350 people use the Eco-corridor on a normal day (with large variance according to weather and time of day). While the survey found that only 18% of participants used the space before. Proposed additions to the Eco-corridor were examined and the most favored were presented. The overall effectiveness of the project is further discussed.
Paper prepared for the Environmental Studies Senior Seminar/Geography Capstone.
Faculty Advisor: Dr. Todd Lookingbil
The Matter of Child Lives: Police Violence and the Limits of Children’s Rights.
No full textOn January 29, 2021, in Rochester, New York, three adult police officers handcuffed and pepper-sprayed a 9-year-old Black girl before forcing her into a police car. [2] As the girl refused to get into the car, resisting and screaming for her father, one of the police officers was caught on body camera chastising her, “You’re acting like a child.” The girl immediately responded, “I am a child!” Police were dispatched to a domestic dispute before they encountered the girl. Her pepper spraying and being forced into the police car follows a series of more tragic cases in the United States, including that of 12-year-old Tamir Rice, who was shot and killed by the police in Cleveland for playing with a toy gun, and 17-year-old-Trayvon Martin, who was simply walking in a Florida neighborhood when he was violently assaulted and killed by a community watchman. Like these cases, the incident in Rochester garnered condemnation against the police officers. Black Lives Matter protests denouncing systemic police violence quickly erupted in the aftermath of the video releases, and the three police officers involved have been suspended
How the Conflict Between Anti-boycott Legislation and the Expressive Rights Of Business Endangers Civil Rights And Antidiscrimination Laws
Get PDFThis Article examines how opponents of anti-BDS laws may extend First Amendment rights in the business context to a point at which they actually threaten the validity of much antidiscrimination legislation. Part I discusses the BDS movement and state-based initiatives that attempt to penalize businesses that actively engage in a boycott of Israel. It examines the handful of cases in which federal courts have addressed the constitutionality of laws that require state contractors to affirm that they are not actively boycotting that country. Part II transitions to a discussion of the ways the Supreme Court has historically resolved conflicts between antidiscrimination laws and the constitutional rights of freedom of association and expression, and notes a transition from deference to enforcement of such laws to a recognition of the expressive rights of individuals and groups in both noncommercial and commercial contexts. The Article concludes in Part III with an application of the existing jurisprudence to state anti-BDS laws and highlights the dangers that successful opposition to such laws might present to the continued viability of antidiscrimination laws. It concludes that affirmation of the expressive rights of pro-BDS businesses could lead to serious challenges to the constitutionality of laws designed to prevent bigotry in the conduct of commercial affairs—including the landmark civil rights laws of the 1960s
Strictly Speaking, What Needs to Change? A Review of How Statutory Changes Could Bring Strict Products Liability to Virginia
Get PDFVirginia remains one of five states that refuse to adopt strict products liability. To date, the Supreme Court of Virginia has declined to follow the path Justice Traynor set out nearly a century ago, as its recent decisions confirm its resistance to strict liability. However, given the change in control of the General Assembly following the elections of 2017 and 2019, the General Assembly is in new hands and may remain that way for some time. This new legislative majority, among its plans for new policies, may soon consider establishing strict products liability by statute. In doing so, Virginia would not be alone. State legislation is the method that four states have already used to adopt strict liability. Others have passed statutes to further limit or expand the reach of liability that their state courts established. Legislation is thus a proven method to adopt and manage strict liability should the General Assemblytake up the effort.
Part I of this Comment briefly reviews the history of Virginia products liability law, and how small changes over centuries have put the Commonwealth on a long line trending slowly towards, but keeping a healthy distance from, modern product liability norms. Part II addresses where Virginia products liability law is today, and how that practically differs from strict liability. Part III explores how Virginia could adopt strict liability without unnecessarily disrupting established precedent and provides a sample statute to accomplish that end
Una libertad conquistada: Aurora Venturini y la pregunta por el (ser) humano
Get PDFA pocos años de su muerte en 2015, Aurora Venturini ha dejado de ser una desconocida en el mundo literario . Nacida en La Plata en 1921, contaba con una trayectoria bien establecida cuando fue descubierta por las editoriales transatlánticas. Tras la publicación de su novela Las primas (2009), fue absorbida por el grupo editorial Penguin Random House Mondadori, que en 2013 publicó El marido de mi madrastra, Nosotros, las Caserta y Los rieles, y en 2015, Cuentos secretos. Estos textos recogen la obra anterior a Las primas. Graduada en Filosofía y Ciencias de la Educación en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata a comienzos de la década de! cuarenta , enseñó en varias escuelas de esa ciudad donde asimismo trabajó en el Instituto de Minoridad; allí conoció a Eva Perón, de quien se convirtió en colaboradora; se exilió en Francia luego de! golpe militar de 1955; ejerció la docencia secundaria en Buenos Aires entre los \u2780 y \u2790, y fue una activa promotora de certámenes literarios en su ciudad natal. Además de la traducción, cultivó el ensayo, la poesía y el periodismo, centrándose en la narrativa a partir de Jos ‘60. En 1969 publicó Pogrom del cabecita negra (Premio Municipal Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, La Plata), novela re-editada al ser incluida en Eva. Alfa y Omega (2013), y Jovita, la osa y otros cuentos, premiado en Suecia y con pró1ogo de Miguel Ángel Asturias. En 1989 dio a conocer Zingarella, que adelanta el relato Las Vélez , publicado en El marido de mi madrastra; en 1991 aparece Las Marías de Los Todos (Premio Fondo Nacional de las Artes); le siguen La Plata, mon amour (1993), Nicilina y las meninas: cuentos de mogólicos (1995); Hadas, brujas y señoritas(1997); Me moriré en Paris, con aguacero (1997); Alma y Sebastián, narraciones insurgentes (2001 ); Nanina, Justina y el doctor Rorschach (2002) y Bruna Maura - Maura Bruna (2006). Recientemente y de forma póstuma, Tusquets publicó la novela inédita Las amigas, texto curado por Liliana Viola, y re-editó Las primas, prologado por Mariana Enríquez.
Un repertorio de episodios, motivos, personajes y figuraciones deletrean con insistencia deliberada los núcleos temáticos que movilizan su ficción: la violencia doméstica, el abuso sexual infantil, el maltrato, la abyección. Se trata de una prosa marcada por una dicción singular, donde el manejo del lenguaje entrelaza los extremos de lo poético y lo soez; mediante una estructura sintáctica enrarecida, construye voces narrativas que cruzan y descruzan el elemento autobiográfico. A diferencia de las escrituras de! yo , y pese al predominio casi absoluto de la primera persona, la narrativa de Venturini propone la de-subjetivación como desafío crítico y filosófico al cuestionar los soportes ideológicos que posibilitan la crueldad, la violencia y la injusticia social. Sus narraciones están pobladas de cuerpos marcados por la violencia de las instituciones sociales. La familia, la escuela, el matrimonio, la maternidad y la literatura, aparecen como instancias de coerción a través de la infancia abandonada, los enfermos, los viejos, los que habitan cuerpos diferentes; todos poseen una marca anormal que borra su estatuto humano. A través de ellos, Venturini problematiza el reconocimiento de! otro como un ser . Sus cuerpos son espacios/territorios en los que se disputa la vida. La explotación, el consumo desmedido y la violencia son umbrales donde lo vivo está a merced de] espíritu destructor de seres supuestamente civilizados. En sus textos, el sojuzgamiento de animales y de todo otro o débil cae bajo la misma opresión patriarcal
The Annotated Translation of the Diary of Lidia Makarovna Androsova
Get PDFThis play is based on the true story and focuses on a sector of the Young Guard i Eastern Ukraine during WWII. The Germans took control of Eastern Ukraine in July 1942. By the end of September, the smaller rebel groups in the city of Krasnodon united to form the Young Guard. The Young Guard sought to sabotage any German activity in the city and surrounding villages while also covertly sharing accurate news about the war. All actions portrayed here were described in the diary of Lidia Makarovna Androsova which the researcher translated over the course of 10 weeks. This is about life in a war zone where violence and fear are so commonplace that you hardly notice it anymore. The spies in this story don’t wear black and roll across the stage. Their heroism is not announced with fanfare. These characters are a sepia photograph brought to life
Our Future in a 3-D Printer
Get PDFCareCloud, a privately held technology company headquartered out of Miami, states that according to recent figures, the average cost of an organ transplant in the U.S. can reach well over $1 million. Furthermore, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), more than 113,000 patients in the U.S. are currently waiting for an organ transplant. Anne Paschke of UNOS stresses this need for organs by expressing that only 1 to 2 percent of the population dies in a way that makes them potential organ donors. Although the need for organs has yet to be met, bioprinting has the potential of saving lives by addressing this chronic shortage through various applications