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[Introduction to] Race, removal, and the right to remain : migration and the making of the United States / Samantha Seeley.
Get PDFThis work explores the conflicts over migration at the center of the social, political, intellectual, and physical landscape of the early United States. Examining the voluntary and forced migrations of Indigenous, African American, and Anglo Americans in the decades immediately following the Revolution, Samantha Seeley argues that the United States took shape as a white republic through contentious negotiations over who could move and where, who could remain and how. Removal was not sweeping, top-down federal legislation. Instead, it was a battle fought on multiple fronts. It encompassed tribal leaders\u27 attempts to expel white settlers from Native lands and African Americans\u27 legal battles to remain within states that sought to drive them out. National in scope, the book is grounded in a close examination of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri--states poised between the edges of slavery and freedom where removal was both warmly embraced and hotly contestedhttps://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1391/thumbnail.jp
Wills, Trusts, and Estates
Get PDFThe 2021 Virginia General Assembly did not pass any major laws governing estates or trusts this year. However, it did pass several legislative efforts related to the field and of which practitioners should be aware. Perhaps the most relevant update given the COVID-19 pandemic was the Legislature’s effort to modernize procedures for electronic notarizations and electronic recording of documents. Another new law was designed to improve retirement savings participation rates in the Commonwealth by requiring certain employers to enroll their employees by default in a new, state-facilitated individual retirement account program. The Legislature also passed several bills designed to make it easier for disabled individuals to receive third-party support when making their own healthcare, financial, and personal decisions. New laws also expanded the class of parents and custodians who can designate a standby legal guardian for a minor and slightly modified the order of priority for beneficiaries in a wrongful death suit. Finally, the Legislature updated the Virginia Stock Corporation Act as it pertains to filing procedures and requirements, shareholder notice requirements, and the ability of directors to take emergency action. Although these changes were not technically substantive developments in the area of wills, trusts, and estates, attorneys should be mindful of them when advising their clients in ancillary corporate matters
A Pilot Study on the Microbiome of Amblyomma hebraeum Tick Stages Infected and Non-Infected with Rickettsia africae
No full textVariation in tick microbiota may affect pathogen acquisition and transmission but for many vector species, including Amblyomma hebraeum, components and determinants of the microbiome are unidentified. This pilot study aimed to determine baseline microbial community within A. hebraeum nymphs infected- and non-infected with Rickettsia africae from the environment, and within adult ticks infected- and non-infected with R. africae collected from cattle sampled from two locations in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Adult A. hebraeum ticks (N = 13) and A. hebraeum nymph (N = 15) preliminary screened for R. africae were randomly selected and subjected to Illumina sequencing targeting the v3–v4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. No significant difference in microbial community composition, as well as rarefied OTU richness and diversity were detected between adults and nymphs. Nymphs showed a higher richness of bacterial taxa indicating blood-feeding could have resulted in loss of microbial diversity during the moulting stage from nymph to adult. Core OTUs that were in at least 50% of nymphs and adults negative and positive for Rickettsia at 1% minimum relative abundance were Rickettsia, Coxiella and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 with a single genus Arsenophonus occurring only in nymphs negative for Rickettsia. Ehrlichia spp. was present in only four nymphal ticks positive for Rickettsia. Interestingly, Rickettsia aeschlimannii was found in one nymph and one adult, indicating the first ever detection of the species in A. hebraeum. Furthermore, A. hebraeum harboured a Coxiella-like endosymbiont, which should be investigated further as Coxiella may affect the viability and transmission of other organisms
The Funding of Higher Education: An Empirical Examination of the Cost of Education in Business Schools
No full textIn late 2020, Australian university funding was profoundly changed by the Higher Education Support Amendment (Job-Ready Graduates and Supporting Regional and Remote Students) Act (hereafter ‘the Act’). The Act is based on separate funding of education and research and relies heavily on estimates of education costs that are controversial. The Act increased tuition fees for domestic business students by 30%. Using an empirical archival approach, this study examines three questions: (1) What are the costs of providing tertiary education to business students? (2) Does research intensity impact the costs of education? (3) Is there evidence consistent with a cross-subsidy from education to non-teaching activities, including research? Unfortunately, sufficiently granular data for Australia are not publicly available, so we use data from business schools in US public universities as a proxy. The sample is partitioned between institutions professing a primary focus on either education or research. Results reveal that undergraduate degrees cost, on average, around AUD3,000 per annum per full-time student when regressed on university operating budgeted dollars, holding other factors constant; much lower than Australia\u27s increased business tuition fee under the Act. Significant differences for undergraduate, master, and doctoral education costs exist between the education- and research-focused sub-samples. Master degrees are around triple undergraduate costs, on average. Both research (publications) and research training (doctoral degrees) are high cost, with ‘elite’ publications much more costly than other scholarly publications. We conclude that education costs are impacted by research intensity and that opportunities to cross-subsidize non-teaching activities exist
Evaluating Halogen-Bond Strength as a Function of Molecular Structure Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Computational Analysis
Get PDFHalogen bonding (XB) is a highly directional, non-covalent intermolecular interaction between a molecule (XB donor) presenting a halogen with an electron-deficient region or sigma hole (σ-hole) and an electron-rich or Lewis-base molecule (XB acceptor). A systematic, experimental, and theoretical study of solution-phase XB strength as a function of the molecular structure for both XB donor and acceptor molecules is presented. The impact of specific structural features is assessed using 19F and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titrations to determine association constants, density functional theory calculations for interaction energies and bond lengths, as well as 19F–1H HOESY NMR measurements of intermolecular cross-relaxation between the interacting XB donor–acceptor adducts. For XB donor molecules (perfluoro-halogenated benzenes), results indicate the critical importance of iodine coupled with electron-withdrawing entities. Prominent structural components of XB acceptor molecules include a central atom working in conjunction with a Lewis-base atom to present high electron density directed at the σ-hole (e.g., tributylphosphine oxide). Additionally, larger surrounding aliphatic R groups (e.g., butyl and octyl) were found to significantly stabilize strong XB, particularly in solvents that promote the interaction. With a more thorough understanding of structure-optimized XB, one can envision harnessing XB interactions more strategically for specific design of optimal materials and chemical applications
Police Body Cameras - A Lesson in Objectivity and Accountability or a Tool Without a Scientific Basis?
Get PDFAugust 9, 2014 is not a date most remember as being significant, but the events that day transformed standard police practices. Michael Brown and a friend were walking down the middle of a street in Ferguson, Missouri when a police officer told them to use the sidewalk. Words were traded and a clash ensued that led to the police officer shooting Michael Brown, an unarmed African-American teen. Individuals dispute how the events unfolded. However, two things are clear: the officer was not wearing a body camera, and the policy account differed from eyewitness testimony. The incident caused protests to erupt that engulfed the region for weeks. Several months later, a grand jury voted not to charge the officer. This decision caused renewed demonstration, violence, fires, and gunshots. Marches of support mushroomed across the nation: from Boston to Chicago to New York City, people flooded the streets to insist upon change from the government. President Obama subsequently addressed the nation and noted that “the racial strains exposed by the turmoil in Ferguson,” show that “a deep distrust exists between law enforcement and communities of color” but the events are no excuse for violence. As one commentator noted, “[O]ne immediate lesson from Ferguson is that the police should be collecting more evidence all of the time – by means of body cameras worn by police officers.
A Rising Tide Lifts All Consumers: Penumbras of Foreign Data Protection Laws in the United States
Get PDFWith the growth of collecting, processing, and transferring personal information to third parties, consumers’ data is increasingly exposed to a myriad of risks. Perhaps chief among these are the data protection practices of data collectors themselves. Yet despite the risk to consumers, U.S. data protection law has remained fragmented, focused on individual industries at the federal level and only comprehensive, occasionally, at the state level. This lack of a comprehensive data protection law in the United States is a significant detriment to the security of U.S. consumers. International law also fails to offer a path that could comprehensively protect U.S. consumers
The Gut Microbiome
Get PDFThe gut microbiome is characterized as living microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, and genetic material found within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These microorganisms aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients in food, and play an active role in the digestive process. However, recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is not only helpful in the digestion of food, but also could be linked to mental health and personality
Pillow Talk: the science behind the all-nighter
Get PDFIt’s that crazy part of the semester. Finals are coming up, and you find yourself staying awake later and later trying to cram for important tests. The night before your toughest final, you decide to pull an all nighter. It’s the only way you’ll be able to learn all those facts. The day of the test, you feel awful, but you make it through, and have a feeling you probably passed. As you go back to your dorm to crash, all seems well. You think to yourself, “that one night of lost sleep probably won’t hurt me at all.
Bingeing on Carbs Might Make Your Drunk?
Get PDFEveryone loves eating too many carbs and realistically the occasional food-binge doesn’t harm the body very much. For some people, however, it can. For people in the United States who have been diagnosed with Auto-brewery Syndrome, or Gut Fermentation Syndrome, carbo-loading (eating copious amounts of carb-heavy food at once) can have some legal and behavioral consequences