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Social Security Decisions: Should Recipients Opt for Early Payments?
Get PDFTwo Excel-based templates are developed to help determine when it is optimal for starting to receive monthly social security benefits. The decision information accounts for uncertain life expectancy by implementing a rate of return that should be set, at a minimum, to the individual’s expected return on investments or based on a metric provided in the article that considers potential life expectancy.
Key Takeaways:
Excel templates allow for a comparison of receiving lower monthly social security benefits at an earlier age versus waiting for higher monthly benefits at a later age.
A “reserve rule of 72” metric allows for adjustments on comparing the different social security payment structures based on life expectancy.
Other adjustments for comparing the different social security structures can made for those who work while receiving benefits
Traumatic Justice
Get PDFIn the recent past, allegations of police misconduct have periodically led to widespread community protests, but usually only when the incident is sufficiently high-profile and the harm is severe, such as when a police officer beats or kills an unarmed Black person. More often the spotlight and outrage have faded quickly, as victims were discredited and no charges were brought, or no convictions obtained. But citizens have increasingly harnessed the power of cell phone videos and social media to bring attention to acts of racial violence and hold accountable those who are responsible, particularly in cases of alleged police misconduct. As violent encounters with police are more frequently filmed, posted, and shared on social media—thousands, hundreds of thousands, even millions of times—calls for justice and reform grow louder and more sustained
The Future of Wastewater Monitoring for the Public Health
Get PDFThis Article thus expands the extant literature by considering the legal and ethical dimensions of wastewater surveillance more thoroughly and more broadly. It arrives at an auspicious time, as the United States moves into a vaccine-mediated phase in which COVID-19 is less likely to give rise to broad stay-at-home orders and more likely to trigger narrower, more targeted interventions. It seeks to offer guidance for the legal and ethical use of wastewater surveillance along two dimensions. The first dimension considers the circumstances under which wastewater monitoring should be deployed for detecting and responding to COVID-19 specifically. The second dimension zooms out, to consider whether and how this surveillance infrastructure, largely created in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, might be deployed for other uses, and examines the legal and ethical difficulties that may attend these broader uses
A Music Industry Circuit Split: The De Minimis Exception in Digital Sampling
Get PDFWhen hip-hop icon Biz Markie released his album “All Samples Cleared!” he joked of the end of what was known as the “Golden Age” of digital sampling in the hip-hop and rap music industry. The Golden Age began in the late 1980s, and because there was no regulation of the practice, it was a period of musical enlightenment in which musicians could freely utilize digital sampling without legal repercussion. However, in 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit handed down an opinion that sent shock waves across the music industry. In Bridgeport Music Inc. v. Dimension Films, the Sixth Circuit cracked down on digital sampling when it ruled that any use of a copyrighted sound recording amounted to copyright infringement, no matter the size of the sample taken. Although the opinion was staunchly criticized, it remained the only digital sampling case decided by the federal court of appeals for over ten years. Yet, in 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit formalized the divide when it held that the de minimis defense—the rule that a small amount of copying is permitted—does, in fact, apply to sound recordings. This opinion stands in direct opposition to the Bridgeport holding, thereby creating a circuit split on the issue of de minimis use of digital sampling. If this rift remains unresolved, it will continue to send a wave of unpredictability across the music industry that will both chill artistic creativity and stifle the judicial economy
The Smirnov class for de Branges– Rovnyak spaces
No full textUsing an explicit construction, we show that the de Branges– Rovnyak spaces H (b), corresponding to rational b, are contained in their associated Smirnov classes
Re-Speaking the Bill of Rights: A New Theory of Incorporation
Get PDFThe incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment raises a host of textual, historical, and doctrinal difficulties. This is true even if (especially if) we accept the Fourteenth Amendment as having made the original Bill of Rights binding against the states. Does this mean we have two Bills of Rights, one applicable against the federal government with a “1791” meaning and a second applicable against the state governments with an “1868” meaning? Do 1791 understandings carry forward into the 1868 amendment? Or do 1868 understandings of the Bill of Rights carry backward into the 1791 amendments through the doctrine of “reverse incorporation”?
This essay proposes a new way to solve these conundrums and reconcile the original Bill of Rights with the incorporated Bill of Rights and do so in a manner consistent with a historically based understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment. When the people adopted the Fourteenth Amendment into existence, they readopted the original Bill of Rights, and did so in a manner that invested those original 1791 texts with new 1868 meanings. There is only one Bill of Rights—the one the people spoke into existence in 1791 but then respoke in 1868. This respoken Bill of Rights is now one of the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States which neither state nor federal government may abridge
e-Museletter: November 2022
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Director\u27s Message
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Things to Consider
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Children\u27s Literature at Fifty: Pedagogy Under the Covers
No full textThis piece argues that pedagogy has been a neglected, but always present, theoretical orientation in Children\u27s Literature. From Francelia Butler\u27s earliest editorials to some of the journal\u27s most memorable contributions, articles focusing on the ways children\u27s literature teaches and is taught have been a vital presence in the journal