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[Description of] The Eye of the Crown The Development and Evolution of the Elizabethan Secret Service
No full textThis volume discusses the development of governmental proto-bureaucracy, which led to and was influenced by the inclusion of professional agents and spies in the early modern English government.
In the government’s attempts to control religious practices, wage war, and expand their mercantile reach both east and west, spies and agents became essential figures of empire, but their presence also fundamentally altered the old hierarchies of class and power. The job of the spy or agent required fluidity of role, the adoption of disguise and alias, and education, all elements that contributed to the ideological breakdown of social and class barriers. The volume argues that the inclusion of the lower classes (commoners, merchants, messengers, and couriers) in the machinery of government ultimately contributed to the creation of governmental proto-bureaucracy. The importance and significance of these spies is demonstrated through the use of statistical social network analysis, analyzing social network maps and statistics to discuss the prominence of particular figures within the network and the overall shape and dynamics of the evolving Elizabethan secret service.
The Eye of the Crown is a useful resource for students and scholars interested in government, espionage, social hierarchy, and imperial power in Elizabethan England.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1416/thumbnail.jp
Friendship, Love, and Desire Across Borders: Identity and Friendship in Intercultural Relationships
No full textThe cultivation of intercultural friendships has become increasingly present in the 21st century. As more individuals across the globe continue to connect with each other, it becomes important to identify how one can best navigate such friendships as well as why they have greater significance beyond simple social benefits. Through comparing philosophical texts regarding friendship between individuals with different stations in life, I extrapolate that intercultural friendships are most effectively built through recognising the cultural differences and potential inequities between individuals, whilst also finding common ground when it comes to their interests and aspirations. Afterwards, I identify that these forms of friendships can be pivotal to addressing social justice issues through the examples of gender violence and the climate crisis, and how intercultural friendship is a necessary constituent of sustainable solutions to such issues
The Compositions of the True Friendship
No full textThis article demonstrates that the compositions of true friendship are goodness, love, and equality. Through the exploration of philosophical works by Aristotle and Cicero, this essay starts by distinguishing the three types of friendship and then explains why friendship based on goodness is so-called true friendship. From a philosophical perspective, the connections of equality and love, and love and goodness illustrate the important value of love in a true friendship and why friendship needs balance, which helps people to keep friendship permanently. By analyzing the examples in the movie Promising Young Woman and the novel Love in a Fallen City, it extremely shows that the significance of compositions of true friendship could have a long-lasting impact on both people in the friendship
The Ties that Bind: Friendship, Love & Desire
No full textThis volume was published as part of the Endeavor Program on “The Ties that bind: Friendship, love, and desire,” 2021-2022
Unshackled: Stories of Redemption Among Serious Youth Offenders
Get PDFIn a series of decisions concerning child defendants, the United States Supreme
Court has embraced the understanding, based on adolescent brain
development, that the legal system must recognize children are different than
adults concerning criminal culpability and sentencing. That recognition, culminating
in Miller v. Alabama and Montgomery v. Louisiana, led to the opportunity
for thousands of individuals across the country, initially sentenced
to death-in-prison sentences when they were minors, to gain a meaningful
opportunity for release. These cases permanently banned mandatory life sentences
for children. In Virginia, the legislature now allows reconsideration
of these cases through hearings before the parole board, through which the
agency can consider these individuals for early release from incarceration.
The legislature mandated that the parole board consider the attributes of
youth not previously considered in these individuals’ original sentencings.
This article explores the ways in which some of these young people have
engaged in a journey of redemption that has led to their release on parole.
As a society, we have been overly reliant on extreme punishment and law
enforcement to address our failure to protect and support children in marginalized
communities. Some states are finally beginning to recognize the
flawed logic underlying these practices. Virginia has made positive strides to
reform the juvenile criminal legal system. The legislature mandated that
courts consider adverse childhood experiences, foster-care involvement, and
other hardships before sentencing young people to prison. These reforms are
a step towards developing evidence-based responses to criminal involvement
that hold young people accountable and consider the root causes of their
criminal involvement
More Money, Fewer Problems: A Post-Alston v. NCAA Approach to Reducing Gender Inequities in Sports
Get PDFIn 2021 over the span of a few months, amateurism, the foundation of the
National Collegiate Athletic Association was challenged and redefined. Following
the passage of “name, image, and likeness” laws at the state level
and an unfavorable Supreme Court ruling, the NCAA’s structure has been
forced to evolve. These changes have opened up possibilities for college athletes
to monetize their playing in a model that is not based on viewership or
revenue sharing. Serious equity gaps between men’s and women’s sports
continue to exist, predicated on which sports generate the most money. While
not a holistic solution, name, image and likeness deals are one way for
women athletes to close gaps in equity
On the Horns of a Dilemma: Climate Adaption and Legal Profession
Get PDFFew aspects of life will be spared disruptions attributed to climate change,
but those disruptions will not be evenly distributed or borne. While much
attention is being given to large-scale plans and programs aimed at effectively
and equitably coping with those disruptions, the fact is the burdens and
responsibility of planning and acting are falling mostly on individual families,
businesses, and communities. Those with access to resources and professional
assistance, specifically legal services, will stand a better chance of
adapting and prospering. Those without will likely fare worse—and already
are. In order to get better and more equitable outcomes, it will be necessary
to appreciate the wide range of legal issues, rights, and responsibilities that
adapting to climate change raises and respond to them with robust legal services.
The American legal profession is not presently ready to meet that challenge
oUR Air: Determining Ideal Locations for Tree Planting in Richmond, VA in Order to Deter Inequalities in Temperature
Get PDFWith the ever increasing effects of climate change, it is pertinent that an effective, efficient, and economic solution be reached in order to mitigate the extremity of urban heat islands. Since heat can contribute to a variety of health problems, it is very important that the unequal distribution of heat be minimized in order to promote the equal well-being within a city. One substantial and popular method of doing so is through the planting of trees, as there is research done to show that they reduce air pollution on top of reducing overall surface temperatures. This paper explores how and where tree planting will be most productive at limiting temperature inequalities within the city of Richmond by looking at various factors such as tree coverage, population density, and various social factors such as average income and race. I will also conduct research into how tree planting endeavors currently proceed in the city. Ultimately, this paper concludes that Census Tract 204 in the East End and Census Tract 608 in the West End would most benefit from an increased number of trees. At the end of the paper, I will also discuss various recommendations for how tree planting might be improved within the city of Richmond, including increased maintenance, education, and privatization of tree planting