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Archives in Cameroon in Public Development Policies: From Five-Year Plans to the National Development Strategy 2020–2030
No full textThis article examines the role of archives in Cameroon’s public development policies, from post-independence five-year plans to the National Development Strategy 2020–2030 (SND2020–2030). After gaining independence, African countries sought to formulate endogenous development policies, often influenced by international cooperation models. However, archives have paradoxically remained relatively marginal in these development processes, despite being crucial for continuity and transparency in public actions, as demonstrated in the reviewed literature. The article highlights the challenges of integrating archive management systems into development strategies, despite being essential for the planning, management, and evaluation of public policies. It also analyzes current archiving policies and proposes ways to strengthen their place in national governance
Addressing the Impact of High-Deductible Health Plans: Legislative Responses and Policy Implications
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Investigating macrophage interactions with Listeria monocytogenes grown under different conditions
Get PDFListeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, intracellular pathogen responsible for the deadly foodborne illness listeriosis. It is known to express different virulence factors in response to different environmental factors, influencing how the pathogen interacts with the host immune system. From food packaging to digestion, L. monocytogenes is exposed to many different environmental conditions. My honors thesis research focused on two conditions—cold storage and the presence of antimicrobial food additives—and how these conditions affect immune responses against L. monocytogenes. One of the first immune defenses that L. monocytogenes encounters in the body is the phagocytic macrophage. Macrophages can exhibit different shapes or antimicrobial functions depending on the activation state (naive, M1, and M2) in response to different stimuli. Using a cell culture model of infection, we investigated how macrophages interact with L. monocytogenes exposed to cold temperatures and the additive propionate. Our results suggest that macrophage morphology and nitrite (NO2-) output differ based on activation state, and they highlight the aggressive nature of L. monocytogenes