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Millonarios y Bosteros: La rivalidad entre River y Boca desde una perspectiva de desigualdad social en la ciudad de Buenos Aires contemporánea
Get PDFLas identidades del Club Atlético Boca Juniors y del Club Atlético River Plate están fuertemente vinculadas con la desigualdad urbana y social de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. A lo largo de dos siglos, los procesos urbanos y sociales se han entrelazado, generando identidades distintas en términos de clase socioeconómica. La conexión entre territorio e identidad es clave para entender cómo los clubes se fueron forjando identidades diferentes. En la actualidad, se observa la oposición entre un norte rico y un sur pobre en Buenos Aires, la cual tiene efectos en el imaginario simbólico de cada club
La crisis carcelaria en el Ecuador: las causas, manifestaciones y algunas recomendaciones
Get PDFEsta monografía trata de la crisis carcelaria en Ecuador. Empieza con las causas multidimensionales de la crisis y las maneras en cómo se manifiesta. La próxima sección explica la narrativa del gobierno versus lo que realmente está haciendo y la política pública relacionada con el sistema penitenciario. La tercera sección tiene que ver con soluciones y recomendaciones por la crisis. Finalmente, hay una sección sobre la aplicación e importancia de la justicia restaurativa como una alternativa a la privación de la libertad. Para conseguir la información incluida, realice una revisión de fuentes secundarias e hice entrevistas con los varios funcionarios del sistema de justicia
Water: The Gift and the Curse: A Climate Change Preparedness Study on an Increased rainfall Scenarios In the Yunguilla Cloud Forest, Ecuador
Get PDFThe purpose of this project was to try and better understand the risks posed to the Yunguilla community in an increased rainfall climate change scenario. While climate modeling is not exact, many models do predict increased rain and storm intensity in this area (“Explainer…”, 2018). This project studies erosion risk, and the potential damage to crops through a series of experiments and mapping.
The first experiment used three hydration percentages 50, 75 and 100, to water two crop types, Fragaria and Caspium, and monitored plant health to see the water\u27s effect. The hydraulic stress testing did not model an increased rainfall scenario as was hoped. At all hydration levels the plants quickly became waterlogged (photo 5). However, it did show the importance of soil drainage for the Yunguilla climate. Aall hydration points, when converted to mm of rainfall, would have fallen below average Yunguilla rainfall according to previous years data (Graph 1). This means that without well drained soil, plants would very quickly become waterlogged. Soil drainage will only increase in importance in an increased rainfall scenario.
The soil used for the hydraulic stress testing, had been fortified with compost which seemed to give even the waterlogged plants the nutrients needed to survive, and the controls also grew well in the same soil indicating good nutrient value. However, compost assists with the retention of water (Doung, 2013). Should Younguilla get more rain, less compost may have to be added in order to increase drainage.
The second experiment collected data on the quantity of water needed to cause erosion on a 1X1 meter plot on various slope gradients. The data collected did show a correlation between slope and water quantity. The steeper the slope the less water was needed. However this correlation of water to slope was only moderate.
Soil samples were also taken at each test site to get a baseline for Yunguilla soil, and test the correlation between soil type and erosion. The soil was found to be uniformly sandy. The study did not find a correlation between soil competition and water needed to cause erosion.
In both the case of slope to water needed to cause erosion and soil type needed to cause erosion the weak correlations were likely due to a lack of data. It has been shown in other studies that there can be a great variance in runoff test to test, and site to site. Even under the same conditions, quite a bit of data is needed to establish a baseline erodibility factor for a particular area (Alewell, et al., 2019).
Finally the maps were able to show areas with comparatively steep slopes, as well as land cover flagged as “risky”. These were then overlaid to show areas that had higher erosion risks compared to other areas around the community. These maps could be useful in making reforestation decisions. That said, these maps can not help predict the actual likelihood of erosion, only show the sites more likely to erode, based on the factors of land use and slope.
El propósito de este proyecto fue intentar comprender los riesgos que la comunidad de Yunguilla en Ecuador podría verse enfrentada en un escenario de aumento en precipitaciones debido a un cambio climático. Aunque los modelos de cambio climático no sean exactos, muchos modelos predicen un aumento de la lluvia y una mayor intensidad de las tormentas en esta área de Ecuador (“Explainer…”, 2018). Este proyecto estudia el riesgo de erosión y el daño potencial a los cultivos en el área a través de una serie de experimentos y cartografías.
El primer experimento utilizó y monitoreo tres porcentajes de hidratación 50, 75 y 100, para estudiar y observar el efecto del agua en la salud de las plantas. Las pruebas de estrés hidráulico probaron no poder modelar un escenario de incremento en precipitaciones, como se había esperado. En todos los niveles de hidratación, las plantas se anegaron rápidamente (foto 5). Sin embargo, el experimento sí demostró la importancia de un sistema de drenaje del suelo para el clima de Yunguilla. En todos los experimentos con diferentes puntos de hidratación, cuando se convirtió los porcentajes en mm de lluvia, todas las cantidades de aguas lluvias habrían estado por debajo del promedio de precipitaciones que caen anualmente en Yunguilla, según datos de años anteriores (Gráfico 1). Esto significa que sin un suelo bien drenado, las plantas se anegarían rápidamente. El drenaje del suelo sólo aumentará en importancia en un escenario de mayor precipitación.
La tierra utilizada en la prueba de estrés hidráulico había sido fortificada con abono orgánico que parecía proporcionar a las plantas, incluso a las plantas anegadas, los nutrientes necesarios para sobrevivir. Incluso las plantas control también crecieron bien en esa tierra, lo que indica un buen valor nutricional para todas las muestras. Pero es importante destacar que, como el compost (abono orgánico) a menudo ayuda con la retención de agua (Doung, 2013), en el caso que la región de Yunguilla comience a recibir más aguas lluvias, es posible que se deba agregar menos compost para aumentar y privilegiar el buen drenaje.
En el segundo experimento realizado, se recolectaron los datos sobre la cantidad de agua necesaria para causar erosión en una parcela de 1X1 metros en varios tipos de pendientes. Los datos recopilados en el experimento demostraron que existe una correlación entre la gradiente de una pendiente y la cantidad de agua necesaria para provocar erosión. Cuanto más pronunciada es la gradiente, menos agua se necesita para provocar erosión. La correlación del agua con la pendiente que se encontró en el experimento fue sólo moderada.
Durante el segundo experimento, se recolectaron muestras del suelo en cada sitio de prueba para obtener una línea de base sobre el tipo de suelo de Yunguilla y también para probar la correlación entre el tipo de suelo y la erosión. El estudio encontró que los tipos de suelo eran uniformemente arenosos. El experimento no encontró una correlación significativa entre diferentes tipos de composición del suelo y la cantidad de agua necesaria para causar erosión.
Es probable que la falta de resultados conclusivos en este último hallazgo se deba a una falta de datos. Se ha demostrado en estudios anteriores que, incluso en ese caso, puede haber una gran variación en los datos de una prueba a otra y de un sitio a otro, incluso con las mismas condiciones. En otros estudios se ha establecido que una gran cantidad de datos deben ser recolectados para establecer una línea de base para el factor de erosionabilidad de un área en particular (Alewell, et al. 2019).
Los estudios cartográficos del experimento mostraron áreas comparativas de pendientes consideradas empinadas y cobertura terrestre marcadas como de alto riesgo . Estas áreas de pendientes y terrenos de alto riesgo estaban luego superpuestas a las áreas que tenían mayores riesgos de erosión en comparación con otras áreas de la comunidad. Estos mapas podrían ser útiles para tomar decisiones en prácticas de reforestación. Es decir, estos estudios cartográficos no sostienen una utilidad como una herramienta para predecir la probabilidad real de erosión, pero si pueden ayudar a indicar los sitios con mayor probabilidad de erosión en función de los factores de uso del suelo y pendiente
A Displaced People: Documenting the History and Displacement of the Batwa Tribe in Bundibugyo District, Uganda.
Get PDFThe Batwa in Bundibugyo are an indigenous minority group that originated in the forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, various displacement factors have taken effect that have forced them out of the forest. Currently they live in Bundibugyo District, Uganda. This study aimed at identifying those displacement factors while also investigating Batwa history and culture as they are a relatively undocumented group. The Batwa have various traditions they established while in the forest, such as unique methods for hunting forest animals. Because Uganda forced them out of the forest, many of their cultural practices no longer occur. However, violence within the forests that took place during the regimes of Mobutu in DRC and Amin, Obote, and Museveni in Uganda, all played a role in their displacement. The Allied Democratic Forces disrupted them in the 1990s and official removal from the forest in 2007 has made life excessively difficult for them. Various donor groups attempt to assist the Batwa; however, mistargeting Batwa needs has led to excessive challenges. Evidence of onset for development induced displacement is prominent in the development initiatives currently aimed at assisting the Batwa. The study questions how Uganda prioritizes minority rights, addresses malpractice in development
Colombia Intercultura Study Abroad
Get PDFThe Colombia Intercultura (CI) summer study abroad program connects racially diverse students from the United States to lesser-known locations in Colombia to foster a unique and comparative educational experience. Most study abroad programs available to foreigners in Colombia are offered in big cities like Bogotá and Medellín. The goal of this program is to facilitate intercultural learning for globally minded learners in various locations off the beaten track in Colombia. A growing economy, improved security, and greater access to social services are among some of Colombia’s most notable achievements towards growth in the last two decades. The civil war that lasted for more than 50 years came to a halt in April of 2016, when a peace agreement was signed between the government and paramilitary groups. While peacebuilding is at the forefront of the country’s priorities, challenges now include balancing the preservation of its biodiverse landscape and addressing issues of social inequality (OECD, 2015; Silva, 2016). The CI education abroad program seeks to enrich Colombia’s development goals by creating a space for students from the United States to interact and engage with the country and its people
Navigating the Necessary Evils: Contemplating the Topic of Sustainability in Study Abroad
Get PDFTravel is a defining feature of education abroad, instrumental in exposing students to experiences and countries beyond their campus community. The cultural exchange implied in travel aspires to benefit both host communities and students’ home institutions. However, education abroad has negative environmental impacts incongruent with many sustainability efforts. The education abroad sector aims to address this reality by advancing the use of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in program design and execution. In this study we conducted semi-structured interviews with representatives of higher education institutions, third-party study abroad providers, and professional associations to assess how stakeholders perceive this incongruency and implement sustainability initiatives in programming. Results suggest a consciousness of this contradiction, yet the sector lacks a mechanism to enforce practices that reduce the field’s negative global impact. Efforts are inconsistently implemented, lacking a co-created policy and metrics to assess the environmental impacts or reciprocal benefits for host communities.
Keywords: sustainability, study abroad, qualitative research, student mobility, international education, education abroa
The Eastern Atomic Rise: Defining Nuclear Hegemony in a Multi-lateral World
Get PDFMost existing literature in the field of international relations on the hegemonic dimension of nuclear technology is written from a realist, western perspective within the context of the Cold War. It focuses on its military, defense, and security dimensions, non-proliferation and safety, and some analyses of hegemony from a cultural media perspective. This theory-building paper offers contrasting understanding of nuclear hegemony, which recognizes three recent developments: 1) diminished Western Hegemony in nuclear technology; 2) growing Chinese nuclear capacity in energy geopolitics; and 3) growing concerns about global energy security. This paper begins with an overview of these developments and a review of the current state of literature on the concept of nuclear hegemony. The paper then reviews the research methodology employed by the author to interrogate conventional understandings of nuclear hegemony. A discussion section then identifies the extent to which current thinking on nuclear hegemony reflects current geopolitical realities. This section includes a proposed new definition of nuclear hegemony. The paper concludes by examining the implications of this study and recommendations for application and further study
“La Ultra Periferia de un País Periférico”: La Política Estratégica Litífera en Jujuy: Los Objetivos, Los Instrumentos, y los Desafíos / The Ultra Periphery of a Periphery Country: The Strategic Policy Towards Lithium in Jujuy: The Objectives, the Instruments, and the Challenges
No full textLa transición energética hizo cobrar nueva importancia a los yacimientos metalíferos y no metalíferos y generó un nuevo patrón de demanda, especialmente para el caso del litio. Los actores importantes en la cadena de valor de las baterías de ion-litio intensificaron su control sobre cada etapa de sus negocios, y las políticas de los países abundantes en litio son cruciales para determinar cómo afecta a sus territorios esta carrera por el litio. Jujuy, una provincia que podría considerarse periférica de la Argentina, declaró el litio como un recurso estratégico en 2011. La provincia creó ciertos instrumentos para ejercer mayor control sobre los actores internacionales con interés en el litio en la provincia, y para tratar de aumentar su posición en la cadena de valor del litio. Mientras que Jujuy tuvo una ventana de oportunidad en 2011 para lograr estos objetivos, las políticas necesarias no continuaron y los instrumentos originalmente planeados no existen, no funcionan en su manera prevista, o carecen de apoyo político y financiamiento. A su vez, el marco normativo federal de Argentina desfavorece este tipo de proyecto estratégico, ya que existe un clima favorable para los negocios de los intereses internacionales de minería. El sistema de capitalismo verde se estructura en una manera asimétrica, ya que los actores desarrollados son los que controlan la extracción, procesamiento, y fabricación de productos que utilizan litio como insumo. Dicho clima significó que el nuevo patrón de demanda resultó en una reprimarización de la economía argentina, y una nueva dependencia tecnológica y económica frente a los actores globales en el sector del litio. Por lo tanto, la entrada de nuevos actores, tales como Jujuy, en la cadena de valor sería muy difícil. En el contexto actual, la provincia de Jujuy debe pensar en cuáles son los pasos realistas a seguir para regular al sector de litio, y generar resultados beneficiosos para la provincia.
The renewable energy transition has placed new importance on mineral deposits and generated a new pattern of demand, especially for lithium. The important actors in the lithium-ion battery value chain have intensified their control over each stage of their commercial operations and therefore, the policies of the countries abundant in lithium are crucial in determining how they are effected by this rush for the lithium within their terrain. Jujuy, a province that could be considered in the periphery of Argentina, declared lithium a strategic resource in 2011. The province established certain instruments as part of the declaration in order exercise greater control over the international actors with interest in the province’s lithium and to increase their position in the lithium value chain. While Jujuy had an opportunity to achieve these objectives in 2011, the needed policies did not follow the initial decree and instrumentals that were initially planned either do not exist, do not function as they were conceived of originally, or lack political support and funding. Likewise, Argentina’s federal mining norms disadvantage this type of strategic project since there exists a favorable business climate for the international mining interests. The green capitalism system is structured in an asymmetrical manner, since the actors in the developed world are those that control the extracción, processing, and production of products that utilize lithium as an input. Said climate signifies that the new pattern of demand has resulted in a reprimarization of Argentina’s economy, and a new technological and economic dependence on global actors in the lithium sector. Therefore, the entrance of new actors, such as Jujuy in the lithium value chain would be very difficult. In light of this reality, the province of Jujuy should think of the realistic steps they can take to regulate the lithium sector and promote beneficial outcomes for the province
Supporting LGBTQ International Students Through Resource Visibility: Examining Washington State Community Colleges
Get PDFCollege is a time when many students begin exploring their sexual orientation and gender identity. Washington State, and Seattle in particular rank high in support for the LGBTQ community, according to the Municipality Equality Index put out by the Human Rights Commission. The schools that are represented in this study serve approximately 2,000 international students annually.
LGBTQ international students are a demographic that inhabits two minority groups – international students and LGBTQ students, and there is a lack of ongoing support and access to resources to aid these students in their personal growth during their time in community college. This study examines how community colleges in Washington State can increase visibility and access to LGBTQ resources on campus for international students and what impact that increased visibility and access may have on campus climate and student experience. Informed by queer theory, globalization theory, and postcolonial theory, the value of increased visibility and accessibility of resources becomes clear through interviews with International Student Services staff and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion staff at Washington State Community Colleges. The findings of this study include four themes: perceptions of student experience, resources available for international students, how LGBTQ resources are advertised to students, and barriers to access for LGBTQ international students. Implications for community colleges include increased staff and administrator training, additional interaction with LGBTQ student clubs and affinity groups, and more open conversations about social justice and minority struggles in the United States
Unofficial Torturers and Helpless Victims: Applying the Convention Against Torture to Organized Criminal Groups
Get PDFSince its inception, the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) conceived torture as a state crime. The Convention established a so-called “state-nexus” that effectively excludes torture committed by non-state actors. The Committee Against Torture as well as the world’s major anti-torture NGOs have almost exclusively focused on ill-treatment perpetrated by state entities. Yet, there have been efforts to extend the definition to private actors, including the “de facto authority” approach, and the due diligence doctrine. This article explores the effectiveness of these efforts to expand the scope of the UNCAT when applied to organized criminal organization such as gangs and cartels. By incorporating legal theory, human rights scholarship, and interviews with human rights practitioners, this work aims to highlight the limitations and opportunities of applying the UNCAT to acts of torture and ill-treatment perpetrated by organized criminal groups. The essay concludes that holding criminal groups accountable for committing torture requires both a broader understanding of what torture entails under the Convention that focuses on the victim, as well as addressing systemic issues in fragile states to prevent the types of environments that propitiate torture