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Decolonizing WASH Practices Between National Policies & International Standards: A Case Study in Tanzania
Get PDFThe international community has developed guidelines and standards for the maintenance of water and sanitation (WASH) in states from the end of the 20th century to present and have often been criticized for their lack of contextual adaptations in the standards that states are expected to implement universally. The research explored how international standards on WASH have applied decolonized methods of interventions to guide the development of culturally relevant national policies. Tanzania was chosen as a case study to conduct a comprehensive review of the states’ integration of international standards within their policies through a decolonial perspective. The study included a review of WASH policies through the development of codes and thematic trackers throughout the standards and policies, in addition to interviews with key informants. The research found patterns across the international standards in recommending guidelines with the provision that the practices should be adjusted according to the cultural and contextual framework within the implementing community. Gender issues are also highlighted throughout the standards, attempting to alleviate the harsher conditions women face due to societal structures. Tanzania was found to be a model state with strong policies and campaigns that incorporated international standards through culturally adjusted practices that focus on the behaviors of Tanzanian communities. This research contributes a greater understanding to the field of the necessity for international organizations to utilize decolonized practices through recognizing cultural differences in aid projects, and to highlight how a state can successfully incorporate the standards from the international community.
Keywords: water, sanitation, hygiene, WASH, African studies, decolonization, humanitarian assistance, international polic
Roger Williams University Internationalization Plan Analysis and Recommendations
No full textRoger Williams University, a small liberal arts school in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the focus of this report. The researcher first explores and defines internationalization as it applies to higher education, then analyzes the current internationalization efforts in place at RWU. Interviews were conducted with ten staff members from various departments across campus to gain a deeper understanding of RWU’s current internationalization policy. The American Council on Education’s Comprehensive Internationalization Framework is used to organize the findings into six foci for comprehensive internationalization analysis, including but not limited to institutional policy and mobility. Recommendations to expand RWU’s internationalization efforts are presented in the conclusion
El Programa Ampliado de Inmunización (PAI) y la confianza en la vacunación de la población en Argentina: Estudio de caso en la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH). The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and vaccine confidence in Argentina’s population: a case study on the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
No full textEn este estudio, se realizó una exploración del Programa Ampliado de Inmunización (PAI) en Argentina y como sus estrategias afectan los motivos a vacunarse o no en el país. Con un sistema de salud universal y gratuito, la gente en Argentina tiene el derecho a la salud que incluye la vacunación gratuita y obligatoria. Pero en el campo de la inmunización, no hay estudios sobre los otros factores que llevaban a las personas a adherir o no a la vacunación. Para cumplir los objetivos de la investigación, se utilizó un abordaje descriptivo cualitativo con un análisis de fuentes secundarias y tres entrevistas con profesionales del PAI. Las profesionales fueron médicas de infectología que trabajan dentro de o junto con el PAI. Posteriormente se analizó la información de las fuentes secundarias introducidas en el marco teórico. Se utilizaron estas dos fuentes principales de información para responder a la pregunta central de la investigación. Se tomaron todos los recaudos éticos para esta investigación; cada entrevistado firmó un Consentimiento Informado que incluyó los derechos del entrevistado, el acuerdo a participar y la garantía del anonimato. En la estructura interna del informe, se introduce el tema de investigación y la pregunta principal primero. La introducción es seguida de la metodología. Luego, la parte central del documento expone el desarrollo y análisis de los hallazgos del estudio articulando con los principales aspectos del marco teórico. El estudio concluyó que a través de las funciones rectorales del PAI, las intervenciones de inmunización establecen un abordaje integral en inmunización y equidad a la salud en Argentina. Sin embargo, hay barreras de acceso con la vacunación que son las razones más comunes de la falta de adherencia en Argentina y retrasan los esfuerzos del PAI. Según el marco teórico, las estrategias de inmunización tienen que asegurar la distribución de información y accesibilidad en todos partes.
In this study, an analysis was done on the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Argentina and how its strategies affect the motivations behind vaccination in the country. With a free universal healthcare system, the people of Argentina benefit from a guaranteed right to health that includes free and mandatory vaccines. In the field of immunization and immunization programs, there is little research into the factors that actually bring people adhere to mandatory vaccination. To fulfill the objectives of this investigation, a descriptive and qualitative approach was taken; an analysis was performed of secondary sources and three interviews with professionals of Argentina’s EPI. The professionals were all infectious disease doctors who work within or alongside the EPI. Information from the secondary sources introduced in the framework were also analyzed. These two sources were used to respond to the central question. All ethical precautions were taken, and each interviewee signed an Informed Consent form that outlined their rights as an interviewee, their agreement to participate, and a guarantee of anonymity. The structure of this report is as follows: an introduction of the research question and relevance of the research, the methodology, and finally the central part of the report presents the analysis of the study supplemented by the main aspects of the framework. This study concluded that through the governing function of the EPI in Argentina, immunization interventions establish an integral approach to immunization and ensure equity in health. Nonetheless, there are still barriers to access vaccination that lead to gaps in coverage and hinder the efforts of the EPI. Future immunization efforts must ensure the proper distribution of health information and accessibility of vaccines for the entire population
La CURP no Sirve Para Nada: How the CURP and other Temporary Documentation Fail to Protect the Human Rights of Migrants in Transit through Mexico
Get PDFThis work concerns the use of temporary documentation by migrants in transit through Mexico, specifically an identification known as the Clave Única de Registro de Población (CURP.) In recent years, migrants have employed a strategy entailing applying for asylum in Mexico solely to obtain a temporary CURP, falsely believed to provide safe transit through Mexico. Past research on similar temporary documentation concludes that issuing permission to travel through the country is typically ineffective at providing safety from corruption and crime. Documentation also fails at providing reliable access to human rights guaranteed to all by the Mexican Constitution and Immigration Law of 2011. Rather, these documents serve Mexico and U.S. policy goals by creating internal borders, distracting from government-perpetrated crimes against migrants and creating precarious legal situations for migrants. In Oaxaca, Mexico, I conduct interviews with migrants in transit as well as an immigrant woman. Specifically, my research seeks to define the motivations behind this strategy and how effective it is at ensuring safe transit and protection of human rights. I find that desire for protection through Mexico is significant, but the money and time obtaining the temporary CURP requires is a great cost to migrants in transit. As for providing access to the rights and services Mexico promises for all, the temporary CURP cuts off access the undocumented as well as many of the documented
Analyzing Human - Nonhuman Primate Conflict Mitigation Techniques in Mto wa Mbu, Northern Tanzania
Get PDFHuman – non-human primate conflict is particularly crucial due to primates’ high capacity to live among human populations. The study to analyze Human - Nonhuman Primate Conflict Mitigation Techniques, was carried in November 2023 at Mto wa Mbu, Northern Tanzania. To analyze techniques currently being used to mitigate human – non-human primate conflict, this study collected data through semi-structured interviews. Over 87% (n=35) of respondents used multiple mitigation techniques simultaneously. 80% of respondents (n=32) reported using projectiles to ward off foraging primates, 75% of respondents (n=30) reported using loud noises (made either by the voice/body or by manipulating noisemakers), 67.5% (n=27) reported using crop-guards, and 7.5% (n=3) reported using physical barriers to mitigate Human Primate Conflict. Both fire and deterrent objects (in this case, a scarecrow) were reported in use by one participant each. While fire had the highest possible average effectiveness score (3), the associated costs made it much less efficient (33%). The mitigation methods with the highest overall efficiency were projectiles (44%) and crop guarding (43%). As interactions between human and non-human primate populations is inevitable, it is imperative that effective mitigation techniques that prioritize the livelihoods of humans and wildlife be developed and implemented. This study recommends that communities living in close contact with wildlife benefit financially from conservation programs to mitigate financial damages from human wildlife conflict, and that mitigation techniques developed in the future place emphasis on low labor and time costs for communities
Universal Health Coverage: A Basis for Pandemic Preparedness?
Get PDFAmid extensive research and reporting on the effects of COVID-19 on Universal Health Coverage (UHC) progress, this study explores an often neglected topic: the potential of UHC to contribute to the foundations of pandemic preparedness. Herein, quantitative analysis reveals that countries with higher UHC coverage tend to exhibit greater pandemic preparedness (as determined by the UHC Service Coverage Index and the Global Health Security Index). Complementary qualitative analysis is used to further illustrate and explain the correlation between UHC and pandemic preparedness using four case study countries, integrating literature reviews and relevant expert interviews. Through these methods, a clear tie between high UHC status and enhanced pandemic preparedness emerges.
Finally, the study advocates for UHC as an enhancer of global health security in the face of emerging infectious disease threats and a cornerstone of pandemic preparedness. This further suggests avenues for further research to explore additional indicators and determinants that influence UHC, pandemic preparedness, and their intersections. These insights are especially relevant at a time when international organizations such as the WHO deliberate on pandemic preparedness policies, which may benefit from the global advancement of UHC
Dairy & Development: An Investigation into the Economic and Sociopolitical Dynamics of Yak Cheesemaking in Nepal
Get PDFCheesemaking in Nepal is full of love, passion, and creativity. What began as a Swiss development project in the 1950s has now grown into a full-fledged industry, providing jobs, creative outlets, and cultural expression for many. Nepal’s Dairy Development Corporation owns several factories throughout the country, setting the tone for the industry by establishing the standard price for milk and process for cheesemaking. From there, privately held factories innovate and compete, bringing new products to the market and increasing wages, but also struggle with consistency and reliability. Now, Nepal’s cheesemaking market is at a turning point—much of the herding population is abandoning the time-honored tradition in pursuit of economic betterment—creating a struggle between the ways of the past and the ways of the future. To explore this challenging and changing dichotomy I examine both government-owned factories and the private industry and investigate the benefits and drawbacks of each. By understanding the different models and production and struggles of herders, I strive to recognize the value tradeoffs of each method, seeking a more sustainable and equitable future for herders and cheesemakers alike
Opportunities for Healing Through Storytelling and Storylistening
Get PDFIn this training material project, I explore the purpose of stories in the English language classroom. How can we use stories to teach and offer healing and catharsis to students who want it? Working with a group of 9 teachers from the YWCA Tulsa, we used Dina Nayeri’s memoir The Ungrateful Refugee: What Immigrants Never Tell You, to explore how practical it would be to use a story as a source of material for students, and how we could use a story to help others tell their stories. The paper begins with a literature review describing my rationale for this project including information I found showing the vital importance of storytelling and storylistening in the lives and classrooms of immigrants, refugees, and asylees. This is followed by reflection on my experience developing the materials with a group of educators, and finally, the material and outline we produced
Therapy Approaches Provided to Traumatized Refugee Children
Get PDFThe study examined various trauma treatments provided to traumatized refugee children and evaluated their effectiveness. Interviews were conducted with five mental health professionals, comprising two males and three females. The professionals included a psychologist at Caritas, a coordinator at Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS), a manager of an international non-governmental organization (NGO), a clinical psychologist at the Happiness Again Project, and a psychologist at an NGO. All interviews were conducted in person. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the interview data. The findings revealed that play therapy and group therapy emerged as the most effective trauma treatments for traumatized refugee children. These findings hold significance for mental health professionals and clinicians in diagnosing young refugee children or any child who has experienced a traumatic event. While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently diagnosed, it is crucial not to overlook other coexisting mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and grief
Creating a Framework for an Effective Koala Recovery Center: A Case Study of Friends of the Koala, NSW
Get PDFKoala populations in New South Wales, Queensland, and the Australian Capital District are currently faced with factors that threaten their survival. Within one decade, their status has shifted from stable to vulnerable to endangered. The cause of this is attributed to increased exposure to dog attacks, vehicle collisions, diseases, and habitat fragmentation and destruction. The koalas\u27 status of endangered in these territories has illuminated the need for human intervention. This study focuses on the specific form of human intervention that involves the rescue, rehabilitation, and release of wild koalas. Due to the recent koala status change from vulnerable to endangered, there is little to no historical information on how to best treat and rehabilitate koalas for release back into the wild. The findings of this study present a framework for what factors should be present in koala recovery centers for them to be effective. The main factors that must be present and conducted properly are rescue, daily care and observation, medical care, education and advocacy, and research. This research utilizes a case study on a specific koala recovery center called Friends of the Koala located in Lismore, NSW. Following observation, review of annual release rates, and overall productivity in the community, this organization has proven to be effective and can function as an example for what each of the factors should look like. These results provide unique insight into the design and practice of koala recovery centers and may be used as a provision to all current or developing koala recovery centers