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Observaciones de la medicina mapuche y el mito de la medicina interculturalidad en Chile con la machi Rosita Barboza
Get PDFChile cuenta con un sistema de salud intercultural, que promueve el acceso a servicios de salud culturalmente competentes para la población indígena. A través de mi pasantía con la machi Rosita Barboza, acompañándola a centros de salud, en ceremonias de sanación mapuche y ayudando en la preparación y distribución de remedios; he llegado a la conclusión de que no es más que un mito de la interculturalidad. Existe un conflicto constante entre las definiciones de salud occidental e indígena, que impiden la disponibilidad de salud complementaria. La salud occidental se basa en una definición biomédica de la salud, la cosmovisión mapuche define la salud en términos integrales. La visión holística de la salud y la enfermedad integra el bienestar físico, ambiental, espiritual y social en la evaluación del bienestar. El Estado ha intentado conformar la medicina mapuche a un molde de salud occidental, que aísla al paciente del verdadero origen de la enfermedad. Para lograr la interculturalidad crítica en Chile, el gobierno necesitará ajustar la actual política de salud para dar a la población indígena autodeterminación y afirmación cultural dentro de los servicios de salud disponibles.
Chile has an intercultural healthcare system, which advertises the access to culturally competent healthcare services for the indigenous population. Through my internship with the machi Rosita Barboza, accompanying her to healthcare centers, in mapuche healing ceremonies, and aiding in the preparation and distribution of remedies; I have come to the conclusion that it is merely a myth of interculturality. There is a constant conflict between the occidental and indigenous definitions of health, which prevent the availability of complementary healthcare. Occidental health relies on a biomedical definition of health, the mapuche cosmovision defines health in comprehensive terms. The holistic vision of health and illness integrates physical, environmental, spiritual and social wellbeing into the evaluation of wellbeing. The state has attempted to conform mapuche medicine into a mold of occidental health, which isolates the patient from the true source of illness. In order to achieve critical interculturality in Chile, the government is going to need to adjust the current healthcare policy to give the indigenous population self determination and cultural affirmation within the available health services
Neoliberalismo y La Mar: Los Efectos del Sistema Neoliberal y la Pesca Artesanal de Caleta Portales
Get PDFThis study is meant to explore the fundamental conflict between the neoliberal system implemented in Chilean society and the artisanal fishing sector, represented by Caleta Diego Portales in Valparaíso, Chile. The struggle of the artisanal fishing sector has been made more salient in the minds of the general Chilean public due to the estallido social or “social explosion” in 2019 which lead to a process of drafting a new constitution, and the recent corruption scandals regarding government officials and fishing law reforms.
Beginning with how neoliberal theory gained traction in intellectual spaces around the world, this study then examines how its influence arrived in Chile and the immediate effects of its implementation during the Pinochet dictatorship. The history of Chile’s national fishing laws and regulations is used to show how neoliberal ideals have manifested in the world of marine resource extraction, including an elaboration of the conflicts between industrial fishing corporations and the artisanal sector and a brief look at the state of fishing legislation today. This study ends with an explanation of the day-to-day lives of the artisanal fishermen that work in Caleta Portales and an analysis of how their struggles represent the shortcomings of a neoliberal idealistic hegemony. This project uses both written sources and personal interviews in order to compile a sufficient amount of information to come to the conclusion that neoliberalism is incompatible with the wellbeing of a sustainable, local, fishing operation. There are interviews with academics who have studied artisanal fishing in Chile, leaders of the fishermens’ union, and artisanal fishermen themselves
“Mira cómo tejemos”: La construcción de una red comunitaria y la educación ambiental en la organización Frente Insular de la Reserva Marina de Galápagos
No full textEl Frente Insular de la Reserva Marina de Galápagos (FIRMAG o Frente Insular) es una organización para la conservación comunitaria, ubicada en la isla de Santa Cruz. Para explorar el significado del trabajo comunitario de esta organización, este estudio examina dos elementos de la estructura organizativa: los valores y las fortalezas. Al analizar tanto las perspectivas de los líderes y miembros de FIRMAG como las observaciones sobre el trabajo mismo, los valores que buscan construir y servir la comunidad se revelan como 1) un rechazo a la institucionalidad/burocracia y 2) a los fondos extranjeros, 3) la educación ambiental comunitaria sin requisitos indispensables y 4) la prioridad de abordar las necesidades de la comunidad antes que los objetivos de educación ambiental. Se encuentra que todos estos valores intencionalmente colocan a Frente Insular en contra de las prácticas de otras ONGs ambientalistas. Posteriormente, usando la teoría decolonial, se subraya que FIRMAG usa estos valores mencionados para crear alternativas reales a las prácticas de otras organizaciones, lo que revela las fortalezas que FIRMAG tiene para construir una comunidad realmente inclusiva y de confianza. Finalmente, se demuestra que esta red de confianza entre los integrantes de FIRMAG se convierte de manera fluida en un sitio de educación ambiental que moviliza la comunidad para aportar colectivamente en el cuidado del ambiente
Responding to Disproportionate Skin Cancer Rates Affecting Adult Men Aged 18-60
Get PDFSkin cancer is a deadly disease that kills significantly more men than women every year. At the same time, women are more than twice as likely to apply daily sun protection factor (SPF) than men. This research study explores how key stakeholders within the skin care industry have responded to the data showing increasing disparities between male and female skin cancer rates. To fulfill the objectives of this research study, qualitative data was collected from six semi-structured interviews with adult males between the ages of 18 and 60. The interviews were intentionally designed to engage with the American, adult male’s personal knowledge of skin cancer and elicit perceptions and experiences with skin care and skin protection. Findings indicated that most men were consciously unaware that skin cancer affected them at higher rates that it did women. The findings also demonstrated that men tended to perceive activities and products related to the skin as rooted in aspects of feminine beauty. Because societal standards for men do not historically center on beauty, they do not feel that engaging with skin care products, including skin protection products, is relevant to their everyday life. By increasing visibility of the issue, dismantling harmful gender stereotypes, and conducting further intersectional research, men will be more likely to understand the relevancy of good skin protection behaviors, and institute preventative measures to mitigate their overall risk of dying from skin cancer.
Keywords: Skin cancer, skin care industry, skin protection, gender, masculinity, melanoma, preventative healt
Community complexity of a pollination network: Analysis of plant-pollinator interactions in the eastern Ecuadorian cloud forest
Get PDFGlobal declines in pollinators and temporal/spatial mismatches between plants and pollinators threaten the integrity of plant-pollinator networks. Ecological network analysis provides a powerful framework for understanding the dynamics of plant-pollinator networks and measures of community complexity that can help inform areas of priority in conservation. This study observed a plant-pollinator network in a secondary forest close to the Río Zuñac Reserve in the eastern Ecuadorian cloud forest to identify assemblages of plants and pollinators and evaluate measures of community complexity, including specialization and nestedness. Flowering plants were identified and observed along a 1.2 km transect, and floral visitors to these plants were identified to morphospecies. The network was observed for a total of 26.5 hours. High species richness of plants and potential pollinators were observed in the network, with low frequencies of interactions between mutualist partners. The network had a high value of network-level specialization and a low degree of nestedness, which imply that the network does not have the ability to robustly respond to perturbations. Animals tended to be more specialized than plants, highlighting the importance of floral diversity in maintaining animal pollinators. Of the most abundant animal taxa observed, the family Apidae had the highest level of generalization, marking it as an important group of pollinators at the network level. This study presents a baseline understanding of pollination networks in the Río Zuñac reserve and concludes that network interactions are relatively specialized. Understanding pollination networks, especially in under-studied Neotropical environments like the cloud forest, represent an important first step in creating ecosystem-level conservation priorities and supporting robustness in ecological networks.
Caídas globales de polinizadores y desajustes espaciales o temporales entre plantas y polinizadores amenazan la integridad de las redes de polinización. El análisis de redes ecológicas provee un marco potente para entender las dinámicas de redes de polinización y las medidas de complejidad de las comunidades para informar áreas de prioridad en la conservación. Este estudio fue basado en la observación de una red de polinización en un bosque secundario cerca de la reserva Río Zuñac en el bosque nublado oriental del Ecuador para identificar ensamblajes de plantas y polinizadores y evaluar medidas de complejidad de la comunidad, incluyendo especialización y anidamiento. Las plantas con flores fueron identificadas y observadas a lo largo de un transecto de 1.2 km, y visitantes florales a estas plantas fueron identificados a nivel de morfoespecie. La red fue observada por un total de 26.5 horas. Se observó una alta riqueza de especies de plantas y polinizadores potenciales con frecuencias bajas de interacciones entre compañeros mutualistas. Había un valor alto de especialización al nivel de la red y un nivel bajo de anidamiento, lo cual indica que esta red no tiene la habilidad de responder robustamente a perturbaciones. Los animales tendieron a ser más especializados que plantas, destacando la importancia de una diversidad florística en el mantenimiento de polinizadores. De los taxones más abundantes de animales, la familia Apidae tuvo el nivel más alto de generalización, marcando la familia como un grupo importante de polinizadores a nivel de la red. Este estudio presenta un punto de referencia de las dinámicas de redes de polinización en la reserva Río Zuñac y concluye que las interacciones de la red son relativamente especializadas. Entender redes de polinización, especialmente en ambientes Neotropicales pocos estudiados como los bosques nublados, representa un importante primer paso para crear prioridades de conservación al nivel del ecosistema y apoyar la robustez en redes ecológicas
Componiendo el núcleo: Una exploración de la bomba y la identidad afroecuatoriana en el valle de Chota
No full textEste proyecto se centra en la bomba, una tradición musical y de danza afroecuatoriana que se practica en el valle del Chota, situado entre las provincias de Imbabura y Carchi, pero también más ampliamente en el Territorio Ancestral que comprende el valle del Chota, La Concepción, Salinas y Guallupe. Históricamente y en la actualidad, la bomba ha desempeñado un papel importante en la creación de comunidad y la preservación de la identidad cultural afrochoteña, y el conocimiento de cómo tocar la bomba se ha transmitido intergeneracionalmente a través de la tradición oral. Sin embargo, como tradición negra y oral, la bomba se enfrenta a una doble marginación en Ecuador y en el ámbito musical, contextos ambos plagados de legados coloniales. Debido al carácter oral de la bomba, se carece de material didáctico para difundir esta tradición musical en el ámbito académico, de donde surge la necesidad de la transcripción. Como tal, discuto la ética de utilizar la notación occidental para transcribir una tradición musical no occidental, estableciendo la transcripción como una forma de traducción y aplicando la teoría de la traducción. Otra cuestión es la modernización de la bomba, que conlleva toda una plétora de cuestiones éticas, pero una cosa que queda clara es la importancia de establecer el núcleo de la bomba utilizando la teoría musical para poder identificar qué elementos de la bomba son esenciales y qué elementos deforman esta esencia. La información que utilizo procede principalmente de entrevistas, acompañadas de algún material bibliográfico y de observación participante. Presento la información utilizando un marco conceptual de la teoría poscolonial y la teoría de la raza, con la finalidad de descolonizar el contexto ecuatoriano y el ámbito musical
Desapariciones de Migrantes en la Frontera: Un Análisis de Factores Influyentes
No full textLa migración latinoamericana a los Estados Unidos ha sido prevalente durante casi un siglo. Con una cantidad cada vez mayor de migrantes cruzando la frontera, las medidas de la Patrulla Fronteriza se vuelven más estrictas mientras pasan los años. Pero las consecuencias de estas regulaciones han sido fatales para los migrantes, y han resultado en un aumento en la cantidad de muertes y desapariciones de migrantes. Sin embargo, se ha realizado poca investigación sobre el tema de las desapariciones de migrantes, lo que resulta en que los desafíos que enfrentan los migrantes al cruzar la frontera sean ignorados por los países y ciudadanos, tanto de los Estados Unidos como de México.
El objetivo de todas estas secciones juntas es facilitar la comprensión de los problemas que enfrentan los migrantes a causa de las políticas fronterizas de los Estados Unidos y México, y por qué es tan inhumana. Además, investiga los desafíos peligrosos que enfrentan al lidiar con el crimen organizado. Esta investigación explora el impacto de la violencia sistémica que los migrantes de Latinoamérica enfrentan en su viaje hacia los Estados Unidos, y cómo los sistemas de búsqueda igual en Estados Unidos y México están fallándoles. La conclusión de esta investigación sugiere cambios políticos y soluciones que pueden hacerse desde la comunidad y que podrían disminuir la cantidad de muertes y desapariciones migratorias en el futuro
A case study of sustainable development at the Penonomé wind farms, a CDM registered project in Coclé
No full textThe Penonomé wind projects fit into a long history of previous internationally financed development projects in Panama, including those from the Clean Development Mechanism. A moderate level of research has been conducted on other Clean Development Mechanism projects, but despite contributing to 5% of Panama’s energy needs and constituting the largest wind park in Central America, the Penonomé wind farms remain little researched. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant people associated with the project or with relevant information to gain more information about the case study. Using the information processed from these reviews and information from publicly available resources, the sustainability of the development of the Penonomé wind farms were assessed using the Agence Française de Développement’s Sustainable Development Analysis metrics. Notable results included community engagement on the part of the developers, environmental and social impact measures conducted, carbon reductions thanks to displacement of fossil fuel producing plants in the national interconnected system, remote control of the wind farm on the part of the turbine manufacturer from outside the country, and alleged ties between the manufacturer of the wind turbines and modern slavery practices in Xinjiang, China. In all, the wind project contained many minor and major sustainability issues, as well as minor and major contributions to sustainability. The project’s effects were deemed to be mostly positive across the 7 dimensions of the Sustainable Development Analysis metrics, with the notable exception of allegedly exacerbating social inequalities in Xinjiang, China, and the remote operation of the wind farm by the turbine’s manufacturers
Fauna as Fieldworkers: An analysis on the use of animals as a form of organic weed and pest management in modern viticulture
Get PDFRecent data on the current state of pesticide use in global agriculture suggests serious concerns over significant overuse and negative effects on both environmental and human health, and current trends only suggest continued increases in future global pesticide use. Without prompt, large-scale intervention, this global abuse of chemical pesticides spells significant threats of not only continued harm to global health and environmental quality, but also to the long term viability of agricultural lands and the growing threat of pesticide resistant insects and weeds. Various methods have been explored in the realm of integrated pest management (IPM), but a current lack of attention is being given to animal-based biological control, which has been proven both practically effective and ecologically friendly by numerous studies from around the world. Vineyards, due to their frequent status as cultural heritage sites and large-scale monocultures, as well as their rigorous monitoring and control of their agroecology, have an especially high potential for benefiting from an IPM system with animals as central actors. Through a detailed review of various case studies and academic literature and with supplemental information from interviews with two Portuguese vineyards, this study assesses various animals as potential agents for biological control and discusses their benefits and limitations. While current limitations exist for its adoption globally, a shift towards an integrated and less heavily chemical-dependent pest management system is the only viable long-term solution to the growing threat of pesticide resistance and the continued success of global agriculture
Environmental Loss, Displacement, and Anxiety in Portugal: Analyzing News Articles to Differentiate Manifestations of Environmental Distress
Get PDFExpressions of environmental distress can take different forms, with different symptoms, causes, and treatments. Existing literature generally identifies three primary categories of environmental distress responses: environmental grief, solastalgia, and eco-anxiety. This paper explores these distinctions and identifies words typically associated with each category in Portuguese news articles using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). LDA is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique that groups words into topics and identifies connections between those words based on how often those words appear together in sequences. This paper uses a modified LDA algorithm called GuidedLDA to identify additional keywords within topics defined by a list of “seed” keywords. The coherence scores for two article sets analyzed with these categorizations were -0.87 and -1.05, indicating that these categorizations of environmental distress are clearly delineated in media. Trends identified in the LDA analysis matched findings from qualitative studies, such as the persistence of environmental grief as time-independent and the strong relationship between place attachment and solastalgia. These findings provide quantitative support for previous qualitative metrics and offer a framework for further examinations of environmental sentiments in news media