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Impact of Community Level Engagement in Primary Education: A Case Study of Oyam District, Northern Uganda, Uganda, East Africa
Get PDFThis study was premised on the basis that primary education is the basic building block for a good quality of life in adult life. It specifically focuses on community level engagement in primary education. The broad research question of this thesis is how can community level engagement be enhanced to improve performance in primary schools? In order to answer this question, three primary objectives of this thesis were to assess the extent which community members are involved in the educational activities focusing the education in primary schools; to ascertain how community members have been involved in various educational activities, and to propose how can community level engagement can be enhanced to improve performance in primary schools. A case study research design was used in the study, and Oyam district was chosen as the case study to represent northern Uganda. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. Interview guides were used to generate qualitative data and questionnaires were used to generate quantitative data.
The study findings showed that the level of community involvement is low, that is, only 21.7% of the community members interviewed were involved in school activities. It was established that community level engagement in primary education could be enhanced through sensitization of the community members about the importance of being actively involved in the activities of the school
DEFINIENDO LA CONCEPCIÓN DE LA SALUD MENTAL Y ESPIRITUAL: La Influencia de la Biomedicina y la Religión Occidental en la Comunidad Mapuche de La Araucanía
No full textResearch Question: In what ways has occidental religions and the biomedical health system influenced the conception of mental health in the Mapuche community in the Araucania?
Objectives: The general objective of this study is to identify the ways in which mental and spiritual health are conceptualized by the Mapuche community and identify the influences of occidental religion and biomedicine in Carahue and Saavedra. The specific objectives are to identify the conceptions of mental and spiritual health among the three predominant ideologies, characterize their perceptions of anxiety and depression (two occidental mental illnesses), identify the relationships between the three ideologies, and develop an understanding of the influence of occidental religion and the biomedical system on the Mapuche conception of mental and spiritual health.
Background: In La Araucanía, there are three intersecting ideologies: biomedicine, occidental religion, and indigenous cosmovision (Mapuche). This intersection originates from the Spanish conquest of South America which used violence, as well as religion and medical practice, to oppress the indigenous communities. This occidental influence on indigenous culture still exists today. Mental health and illness are social constructs that originate within biomedicine. Because this social construct does not originate within the indigenous community, the indigenous community and the occidental religious community has developed responses within their own belief systems that work in accordance to their own cosmovision.
Methodology: This study uses 15 interviews that were conducted in Carahue y Saavedra, Chile. To demonstrate the biomedical ideology, a doctor and administrator were interviewed as well as revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. To demonstrate the Mapuche ideology, a Machi, Mapuche medical healer, and a Lonko, Mapuche leaders, were interviewed. An intercultural facilitator was also interviewed to better understand the relationship between these two ideology. To demonstrate the occidental religious ideologies, two pastors and a priest were interviewed. Seven general citizens of the community were also interviewed.
Results: Five centralized themes were found: the need for faith in medicine, coexistence and complementarity between the three modalities in relation to spiritual and mental health, the syncretism and conflict between the occidental religions and Mapuche cosmovision, presence of cause-based vs. symptom-based treatment, and the use of connectedness as a treatment for mental illness.
Conclusions: Complementarity within the two occidental cosmovisions is possible, but coexistence between the occidental and indigenous cosmovisions on a theoretical level is difficult. Some sects of occidental religions were found to dismiss Mapuche identity or create a toxic environment for survival of the Mapuche cosmovision. However, individuals seem to find their own manners of complementarity of the ideologies within their own individual belief systems. Furthermore, the cosmovisions that included spiritual health also included a cause-based treatment model and the importance of connectedness in treatment of mental illness.
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Pregunta de Investigación: ¿De qué manera la religión occidental y el modelo de atención biomédico influye la concepción de salud mental en la comunidad Mapuche en La Araucanía?
Objetivos: El objetivo general de este estudio es para identificar de qué manera se expresa la concepción de salud mental y espiritual Mapuche en la actualidad y la influencia de modelos religiosos y biomédicos en personas Mapuche de Carahue y Saavedra. Los objetivos específicos son para identificar las definiciones de salud mental y espiritual de las tres cosmovision predominantes en La Araucanía: indígena (Mapuche), occidental religioso (católico y evangélico) y biomédico, caracterizar las percepciones de ansiedad y depresión (dos enfermedades occidentales), identificar las relaciones entre las tres cosmovisiones, e identificar la influencia de religión occidental y el sistema biomédico en la concepción Mapuche de salud mental y espiritual.
Antecedentes: En La Araucanía, hay tres ideologías expresadas en la atención de salud: biomedicina, religión occidental (catolicismo y evangelismo), y cosmovisión indígena (Mapuche). Esta intersección se origina de la conquista española de Sur América, la que usó violencia, además de religión y práctica médica para oprimir la comunidad indígena. Esta influencia occidental en la cultura indígena y su cosmovision todavía existe hoy. Salud mental y enfermedades mentales son construcciones sociales que se origina en la cosmovision biomédico. Debido a esta construcción social que no se origina en la cosmovision indígena, la comunidad indígena y la comunidad religiosa occidental se han desarrollado respuestas adentro de sus propias cosmovisiones.
Metodología: Este estudio usa quince (15) entrevistas que estuvo situado en las comunas de Carahue y Saavedra, Chile. Para mostrar la ideología biomédica, un médico y un administrador fueron entrevistados y se hizo revisión del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Para mostrar la ideología Mapuche, un machi, un curandero Mapuche, y un lonko, líderes en la comunidad Mapuche, fueron entrevistados. Un facilitador intercultural fue entrevistado para entender la relación entre estas dos ideologías. Para mostrar, la ideología religiosa occidental, dos pastores y un sacerdote fueron entrevistados. Además, siete ciudadanos de la comunidad también fueron entrevistados.
Resultados: Cinco temas fueron encontrados: la necesidad por fe en medicina, la capacidad por coexistencia y complementariedad entre los tres modelos en relación a salud mental y espiritual, el sincretismo y conflicto entre las religiones occidentales y la cosmovision Mapuche, la presencia de tratamientos basados en causas v. síntomas, y el uso de conectividad como un tratamiento por enfermedades mentales.
Conclusiones: Complementariedad entre las dos cosmovisiones occidentales es posible, pero coexistencia entre las cosmovisiones occidentales e indígena en un nivel teórico es difícil. Algunos de los sectores de las religiones occidentales tendieron a rechazar la identidad Mapuche o crear un ambiente toxico para la sobrevivencia de la cosmovision Mapuche. Sin embargo, individuos parecen encontrar su propia complementariedad de ideologías adentro de sus propias cosmovisiones individuales y prácticas. Además, las cosmovisiones que incluyen salud espiritual, también, incluyen un modelo de tratamiento basado en causa y tiene un énfasis en la importancia de conectividad como un tratamiento para enfermedades mentales
La educación multicultural: enfoques y brechas en cuatro escuelas municipales en Santiago, Chile / Multicultural education: approaches and gaps in four municipal schools in Santiago, Chile
No full textLa investigación se enfoca en la educación multicultural en cuatro escuelas municipales en Santiago. Se usa teoría notable de James Banks y Rolando Poblete Melis para identificar, categorizar, y comparar enfoques y brechas actuales en las escuelas y en la sociedad chilena. Se organiza y provee análisis de los desafíos, las iniciativas en desarrollo, y sugerencias para mejorar el futuro de la educación integradora e inclusiva en varias sub-categorías, destacado a través de conversaciones formales e informales con estudiantes y profesionales trabajando en el contexto escolar. Se aborda los límites de la investigación y enfatiza la necesidad de seguir investigando el tema en más profundidad en el futuro.
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The research focuses on multicultural education in four municipal schools in Santiago. James Banks and Rolando Poblete Melis\u27s remarkable theory is used to identify, categorize, and compare current approaches and gaps in schools and in Chilean society. It organizes and provides analysis of the challenges, the initiatives in development, and suggestions to improve the future of integrative and inclusive education in several sub-categories, highlighted through formal and informal conversations with students and professionals working in the school context. It addresses the limits of research and emphasizes the need to further investigate the subject in more depth in the future
“Que rica...”: sexualización y exotificación de mujeres migrantes y sus experiencias y percepciones en el centro urbano de Santiago / How rich ... : sexualization and exotification of migrant women and their experiences and perceptions in the urban center of Santiago
No full textMigration to Chile has been increasing every year since the end of the Pinochet dictatorship. The recent migration to Chile is feminized and centralized to the urban center of Santiago and surrounding areas. Current migrations trends in Chile are also including a wider range of immigrants, especially an increase of afro-latina women. These women tend to experience more discrimination, racism and sexism than the average Chilean woman. Previous studies and colonial theory demonstrate a history of the sexualization and exotification of migrant woman, especially in women of color due to the processes of colonization, euroization and racialization. Many migrant women are stereotyped as highly sexual and others are stereotyped as unsexual, sometimes resulting in the conformation to those stereotypes in the workplace or in Chilean society. This investigation aimed to understand the range of experiences of all types of migrant women and how they personally experience their migration to this country and the presence of sexualization and exotification. My question of investigation is: how do migrant women in Santiago from a range of countries perceive the sexualized and exotic construction of their own bodies? This is an exploratory study that was approached with subjectivity and is grounded in personal experiences. To address the question of investigation, the investigator informally and indirectly interviewed women from a range of ethnicities about their experiences as immigrant women in Chile in locations in the center of Santiago including in “Plaza de Armas” and in “cafes con piernas”. The interviews conducted were normal conversations with questions about the daily lives of the subjects. Participant and nonparticipant observations were also conducted in locations in and around “Plaza de Armas”.
The results of the observations and interviews were divided into sub-themes for analysis. The results included: general observations about the migrant spaces in Santiago to set context, expectations and the shock of realities for these women in comparison to their origins and expectations, their perceptions of Chile in relation to their ethnicities and gender, perceptions and prejudices of chileans and migrant men of migrant women and my personal interactions with Chilean society as a foreign and ethnic woman. In terms of conclusions from observations that converse with previous studies and theoretical frameworks, afro-latina women seemed to conform to their expected sexualized and exotified roles and peruvian women, for example, seemed to conform to their expectations of desexuality and motherly roles. Many of the women did not have overly negative or overly positive experiences or opinions about the discussed topics or about Chile. Some felt like they were looked down upon by chilean society and racialized. Others did not expect to work in the jobs they encountered when they arrived in Chile. In terms of conclusions explicitly supporting exotification and sexualization, longer and more in depth conversations are needed with the subjects in order to gain a deeper insight into those parts of their experiences. The treatment and perceptions immigrants affect the lifeblood of all societies, but especially affect their well-being and autonomy
Las ofrendas a la tierra en un mundo global \ Offerings to land in a global world
Get PDFEsta investigación aborda si las ofrendas a la Pachamama en el Cusco responden a la desvalorización de las culturas andinas en un mundo globalizado por el turismo, la globalización, la modernización, y la urbanización. El turismo místico en el Perú ha crecido desde las noventas con la promoción del estado peruano de la cultura viva, y una de las ceremonias andinas más importantes es la ofrenda a la Pachamama. El objetivo era identificar y explicar los efectos del turismo, la globalización, la modernización, y la urbanización en las ofrendas a la Pachamama según los chamanes y la observación. Fui a tres ofrendas a la Pachamama con tres organizaciones turísticas diferentes en el Cusco para hacer observación participante y entrevistar a los chamanes y los empleados de las tres organizaciones para aprender más del estado de las ofrendas a la Pachamama hoy día. Los resultados fueron colectados en tres días diferentes, en los días 11, 12, y 15 de mayo de 2017. Las ofrendas en sí mismas han cambiado un poco, pero los cambios más esenciales son en los enfoques de los chamanes o curanderos, los turistas, y las organizaciones turísticas. Hoy día hay una mercantilización de las ofrendas a la Pachamama y una explotación de los chamanes y los turistas, en términos de sueldo y precios, por las organizaciones turísticas grandes. Además, muchas veces los turistas están buscando soluciones para la inquietud en sus vidas, y eso es el enfoque en vez de la importancia de las ceremonias andinas. Por esas razones, no hay intercambios culturales profundos con las ofrendas a la Pachamama.
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This research addresses whether the offerings to the Pachamama in Cusco respond to the devaluation of Andean cultures in a world globalized by tourism, globalization, modernization, and urbanization. Mystic tourism in Peru has grown since the nineties with the promotion of the Peruvian state of living culture, and one of the Andean ceremonies important is the offering to the Pachamama. The objective was to identify and explain the effects of tourism, globalization, modernization, and urbanization in the offerings to the Pachamama according to shamans and observation. I went to three offerings to Pachamama with three different tourist organizations in Cusco to make participant observation and interview the shamans and employees of the three organizations to learn more about the state of offerings to the Pachamama today. The results were collected on three different days, in the May 11, 12, and May 15, 2017. The offerings themselves have changed somewhat, but the most essential changes are in the approaches of shamans or healers, tourists, and tourist organizations. Today there is a commodification of the offerings to the Pachamama and exploitation of shamans and tourists, in terms of salary and prices, by the large tourist organizations. In addition, tourists are often looking for solutions for the restlessness in their lives, and that is the focus instead of the importance of ceremonies andines. For these reasons, there are no deep cultural exchanges with offerings to the Pachamama
Power to the Period: The Role of Menstruation in Nepal’s Formal Workplace
Get PDFWithin the greater context of Nepal, menstruation is a topic that has long-held significance as a taboo topic due to religious and cultural connotations. However, over the past five years, there has been a push in Nepali schools to acknowledge menstruation and menstrual hygiene management as legitimate aspects of health curriculums. This is a great step forward for the country, but also begs the question of whether this educational movement is being recognized in other areas of society, such as the formal workplace. Through discussion with various individuals- from government officers to healthcare employees- this research examines attitudes towards menstruation, as well as the adequacy of facilities present in a varying range of workplaces (in terms of sanitation, hygiene, and privacy). This paper further analyzes these findings, examining the greater implications of menstruation, in the context of work, and even greater, society as a whole
Shifting Mental Health from the Back Burner: An Investigation of the Mental Health Treatment Gap
Get PDFThe purpose of this research project is to investigate solutions to the so-called ‘mental health treatment gap’. The need for scholarship in this area is underscored by the recent tragedy in the Gauteng province, which has brought the neglect of the mental health sector into the public eye. Through semi-structured interviews with six key stakeholders in the fields of mental health and health policy this project seeks to better understand the causes of the mental health treatment gap and the impact National Health Insurance (NHI) rollout may have on access to quality mental healthcare. Sub-themes explored include: the integration of mental healthcare with primary healthcare, participatory policymaking, the role of stigma, private sector buy-in to the public mental health sector, and the effect of the Life Esidimeni tragedy on national discourse around mental health. In their interviews, participants identified unique challenges facing the sector due to the widespread stigmatization of mental illness and its consistent neglect by government and funders. Although they express serious concerns about NHI’s chance of success in the near future, participants pointed to the integration of mental health services with chronic care, improved management, and education campaigns as improvements which can be made to the sector in the near future, regardless of policy change
Panji\u27s Present Predicament: the artistic prominence and tension of the Malat in painting and contemporary Balinese performance
Get PDFThe Malat is a Balinese oral tradition and text composed of numerous episodic stories based on Javanese and Balinese courtly life of the pre-Dutch intervention era, when kings and princes dominated the political sphere and the court system governed aspects of social life. Many art forms blossomed out of this epic, notably in painting and in performance, known as gambuh. Through an exploration of the Balinese epic, the Malat, as a Balinese text, history, fine art, and performance, this study analyzes the modern cultural importance of this ancient pre-Indonesian courtly epic. Gambuh is an ancient dance-drama that serves as the origin of many other traditional Balinese dances, and plays the lead role in this study. The progression of gambuh\u27s prominence in Bali from pre-Indonesian State to current times is discussed, and predictions of the future of gambuh are gathered from conversations with informants and from personal experiences
Twisting the Tap: Water Scarcity and Conflict in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin
Get PDFIs water a target or an instrument of violence? Is it an amplifier of conflict or a means for cooperation, a source of growth or a force of destruction? The purpose of this report is to determine how threats of water shortage and the lack of a trans-boundary management plan has prompted states in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin to leverage the shared resource as a political weapon to preserve national interests and ascertain regional authority. The scope of this report examines the domestic policies, economic objectives, and foreign-policy interests that compose Turkey, Syria, and Iraq’s national stakes in the trans-boundary watercourse. Paying specific attention to Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Development Project (GAP) this paper investigates the geopolitical strategies stakeholders employ by using water as a source of material bargaining power and regional authority. The design of this report incorporates mixed methodological practices assessing quantitative scientific and economic data in conjunction with qualitative research of government statements, academic reviews and reports issued by non-governmental organizations. To develop a thorough analysis of the multifaceted interests of state and non-state actors in the Basin region this report includes four interviews with experts in the field of international water and environmental law, specialists in the Euphrates-Tigris region, a civic water engineer and post conflict advisor, and an export risk insurance agency involved in Turkey’s dam construction
Digital Diplomacy and Its Effect on International Relations
Get PDFDigital technology has undoubtedly shaped the way in which the modern world works, going so far as to create a new form of diplomacy known as digital diplomacy. This paper seeks to explore the evolving nature of digital diplomacy and determine its effect on international relations. Four in-person interviews and 20 academic sources were used in order to assess the advantages and challenges that digital diplomacy presents. Acknowledging the way in which diplomats have been able to utilize social media to further the interests of their nations, this paper argues that digital diplomacy is a positive tool that can be used by governments in modern day statecraft. However, traditional methods of diplomacy still remain relevant