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Unregistered Patents and Gender Equality: A Global Perspective
No full textWomen are currently under-represented among patent holders. Studies show that female inventors, both in industry and in academia, hold fewer patents, file fewer patent applications, and have their applications more often rejected by the patent office as compared to men. As a result female inventors are less likely to receive patent protection for their innovative efforts or to see their inventions commercialized, hindering their ability to participate in highly innovative fields.One measure that could help women gain access to protections for their innovation is by recognizing unregistered patent rights in addition to the existing regime of registered patent rights. The proposed unregistered rights would extend only to inventions that meet the familiar substantive requirements for patentability but would do so without requiring inventors to go through the expensive, complicated, and time-consuming patent examination process. Such unregistered patents would grant exclusive rights to inventions for only a limited period of time and only against direct and knowing copying but nonetheless would provide much needed protections to female innovators, who face many obstacles in obtaining registered patent rights to their innovative efforts
Symposium: The Future of Reproductive Rights: Big, Bad \u3ci\u3eRoe\u3c/i\u3e
Get PDFAfter the Supreme Court’s reversal of Roe v. Wade, the question of a constitutional right to abortion goes to state courts where there is a potential for resurgence of a Roe-like standard. This Essay thus evaluates whether Roe’s doctrinal framework is worth resurrecting, and concludes that it is good law to retain. It criticizes the work of liberal legal scholar John Hart Ely, who famously attacked Roe’s reasoning in a much-cited essay entitled The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade. Justice Alito’s majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization cited Ely’s criticisms, as if to suggest that Roe simply must be wrong, since even such a prominent liberal has found it lacking. This Essay disagrees, pointing out the biases and weaknesses in Ely’s analysis and Dobbs’ reliance on it
Colorism Among Black Youth in the United States: An Examination of Impacts on Education
Get PDFBlack students with darker complexions experience a disproportionate application of exclusionary practices within educational settings (Crutchfield et al., 2022). This review seeks to highlight colorism’s impact on the Black community in the education system through examining the historical context of colorism, the connection between colorism and racism, and how colorism is manifested and perpetuated in contemporary society in the United States. “Antiblackness” is an enduring trait of the United States that has rooted and fixed itself to its school structures (Coles & Powell, 2019). Schools are inherently political in that they adhere to and perpetuate the dominant ideologies of society (Picower & Mayorga, 2015), essentially functioning as a microcosm of society. Colorism functions as an extension of antiblackness in its perpetuation of prejudice and discriminatory behavior against darker skinned individuals and those with more African phenotypes. Black students are mandated by state-driven compulsory education laws to attend school but may receive differential treatment on the basis of skin tone, facial feature, and hair texture variations with the ethnic group. Exclusionary practices restrict students’ access to the school environment and may lead to a diminished academic identity, a sense of invisibility, feelings of invalidation, and limited access to future opportunities. In this review, the need for interventions addressing colorism in educational settings will be discussed. Recommendations for future directions of colorism research are also discussed
Fandom, Fanzines, and Archiving Science Fiction Fannish History
Get PDFThis brief history of science fiction (sf) fandom and fanzines focuses on the creation of a zine culture crucial to the split between written sf and media fandom; it also addresses archival holdings of sf and media zines dating from the 1930s on
Educating Older Drivers To Improve Acceptance and Utilization of CAV Technologies
Get PDFAs the population of older drivers continues to grow, there is an increasing need to enhance their awareness and understanding of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). This study utilized an education program aimed at improving the knowledge and awareness of older drivers about CAVs, thereby preparing them to utilize the safety features of these technologies while effectively meeting the challenges that come with them. Through data collection and analysis from study participants, the research provides valuable insights for transportation agencies and technology developers to design and develop more adaptive technologies and associated education for older drivers. The findings from this research will contribute to promoting the acceptance of CAVs among older drivers, thereby improving their social equity among technology users. Overall, this research provides an important contribution to the field of transportation and technology and provides insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners
Perceptions Regarding Drinking Water Quality and Its Effects on Human and Animal Health among Plain-Sect Community Members
Get PDFThe quality of drinking water can affect human and animal health, and plain-sect populations may be more susceptible than other rural populations due to their use of traditional farm management practices and their reliance on well water. Therefore, an interdisciplinary team conducted a pilot study to understand the status of existing drinking water quality, community perceptions regarding causes of water deterioration, its associated effect on human and animal health, and solutions to address such challenges. The study included water testing and a focus group discussion with plain-sect community members. The findings revealed that participants perceived the drinking water quality as potable and free from contamination which contradicted water testing reports, where 92% of water samples violated the standard drinking water quality parameters. Perceived causes of water deterioration included sulfate leaching, changes in farming practices, and commercial development. The participants also revealed human health (e.g., cancer, stomach ailments) and animal health (e.g., changes in milk production and conception rates) concerns but expressed no association of these health concerns with drinking water quality. This pilot study’s findings indicate that there exists a gap between perceptions of and actual drinking water quality and its relationship to health. More efforts are needed by health and conservation professionals to narrow the existing knowledge gaps by considering socio-cultural factors and appropriate scientific interventions related to best management practices of drinking water quality, and human and animal health, to achieve desired goals in plain-sect communities. [Abstract by authors.
The Political and Social Advancement of Divine Nine Sorority Women.
Get PDFThis project will explore the correlation between Divine Nine sorority women and politics and civic engagement. There is a low percentage of BIPOC women in politics; however, the majority of them are in Divine 9 sororities. I\u27ll find a correlation between the principles of the Divine Nine and these upstanding women in society through various interviews with women in local politics who are also in the Divine Nine. Furthermore, this will enable political scientists to assess the motivation of these women and the attributes that these sororities have given them to achieve success
The Higher Education Risk to National Security: A Case Study of The University of Akron
Get PDFThere are numerous threats to U.S. National Security within higher education. Through this paper, I will provide an analysis of current and future threats using a literature review and informational interviewing. The literature review revealed four major National Security threats facing higher education institutions due to Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIE): foreign recruitment of faculty and students, increase in foreign students and screening difficulties, campus openness/easy access to facilities and information, and foreign funding for research. A set of informational interviews were conducted with The University of Akron faculty, employees, and partners to evaluate whether these same threats were present. The results confirmed that many threats overlapped with the literature review. A risk analysis was conducted to connect each FIE threat with the vulnerability of UA, resulting in two categories of risk to U.S. National Security: intellectual property theft, and FIE infiltration and espionage. The University of Akron can close the education gap between faculty/researchers and the Intelligence Community (IC) to reduce vulnerabilities and threats