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Major Depressive Episode among Adolescents: A National Study Examining the Impact of Parenting Behaviors
No full textMajor depressive episode (MDE) among adolescents is a significant public health issue. Approximately, 4.5 million adolescents have experienced an MDE in the past year. This study examined whether MDEs among adolescents differed based on specific parenting behaviors. A national sample of adolescents ages 12 to 17 years (n = 11,572) completed the 2023 National Survey of Drug use and Health. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether lifetime and past year MDE differed based on parenting behaviors. Results indicated that adolescents at highest risk for both lifetime and past-year MDE were female, older (14-15 or 16-17-years-old), and white. Regarding parenting behaviors, adolescents at highest risk for lifetime and past-year MDE were those who had parents never/seldom check their homework, never/seldom help with their homework, never/seldom limit the amount of TV, never/seldom tell them they did a good job, never/seldom tell them they were proud of them, and who argued/fought with them ten or more times in the past year. These findings show the intricate relationship between adolescent MDE and parenting behaviors. Public health educators should encourage parents to engage in authoritative parenting behaviors (defined as high levels of parental support, warmth, and clear expectations) to help prevent MDE among adolescents. Findings should be used to assist program developers in incorporating parenting components in MDE prevention and treatment efforts.
Keywords: Major depressive episode, depression, adolescent, parentin
Letter from the President: Fall / Winter 2025
No full textATE-K President Dr. Amanda Lickteig invites and introduces readers to the four articles found in the Fall/Winter 2025 issue of The Advocate. She also invites participation in the upcoming 2026 conference in Manhattan, KS on March 27, 2026
The Effectiveness of Game-Based Flipped Learning on Academic Achievement and Engagement
No full textAbstract
This study aimed to determine if a game-based flipped learning (GBFL) environment was an effective learning model relative to flipped learning alone. Three sections of 6th-grade science students received varied methods of instruction by the same teacher over four weeks. One section received traditional, face-to-face instruction, another section worked in a flipped learning (FL) environment, and the last section worked in a proposed GBFL environment. A standardized pretest and posttest alongside a mixed-method student survey were administered to determine the effectiveness of each strategy in terms of academic achievement, student engagement, and satisfaction. The study\u27s results indicated that GBFL resulted in similar academic improvements yet greater student satisfaction than the other two groups. ANOVA and Pearson Product Moment Analyses indicated that each learning method resulted in substantial academic improvement with slight variance between groups (p=0.07). A moderate positive correlation existed between posttest scores and student satisfaction in the GBFL group (r=0.314). These results indicate the potential of GBFL as a learning model and the future research required for validation
Understanding Motives and Barriers to Bystander Intervention for Preventing Sexual Harassment: A Value-Expectancy Approach
No full textSexual harassment remains a persistent concern on college campuses, despite the widespread implementation of bystander intervention (BI) programs. Grounded in the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) and value-expectancy theory, this study explored the beliefs that influence students’ intentions to engage in BI to prevent sexual harassment. In Phase 1, salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs were identified through open-ended responses from a sample of undergraduate students (n = 63) at a Western U.S. university. These themes informed the development of belief-based, value-weighted items aligned with RAA constructs. In Phase 2, a separate sample (n = 196) completed a questionnaire assessing generalized and belief-level RAA constructs. Correlational analyses revealed that feeling proud to help others (r = .44) and educating others by example (r = .42) were the strongest predictors of positive attitudes toward BI. Survivors of sexual harassment (r = .42) were the most influential injunctive referents, and peers of similar age (r = .33) were the strongest descriptive referents. The most significant perceived barrier was lack of peer support (r = .41). These findings suggest that targeting salient prosocial values and referent groups in BI programming may enhance student engagement in efforts to prevent sexual harassment
2014 Flint Hills Land, Sky & People - The Greater Prairie-Chicken (selected by Ben Postlethwait)
No full textThe Effect of a Cheese Co-product in Nursery Pig Diets from Sows Fed with and Without Cheese Co-Product in Lactation
No full textA total of 395 weanling pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 12.7 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of previous sow lactation feed treatment (control vs. cheese co-product) and nursery diets formulated with or without a cheese co-product on growth performance in a 35-d trial. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d from sows fed lactation diets either with or without 4% cheese co-product (Pro88, Keys Manufacturing, Paris, IL). Pigs were placed in pens (five pigs per pen) within sow treatment and were randomly assigned one of two dietary nursery treatments. There were 19 to 21 replications per treatment. Nursery treatments included either a control diet or the control diet with 4% added cheese co-product fed in phases 1 and 2, followed by a common diet fed to all pigs in phase 3. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sow diet (with or without cheese co-product) and nursery diet (with or without cheese co-product). There were no sow-diet-by-nursery-diet interactions observed throughout the study. Offspring from sows fed cheese co-product were heavier (P \u3c 0.001) at weaning than those not fed cheese co-product, and this weight advantage was maintained throughout the study. There was a tendency (P = 0.058) for fewer piglets fed the cheese co-product in the nursery to lose body weight from d 0 to 3 after weaning, regardless of the previous sow treatment. During the experimental period (d 0 to 21 post-weaning), pigs weaned from sows fed the cheese co-product tended to have improved (P = 0.079) F/G, leading to a tendency for improvement (P = 0.059) in overall F/G. There were no effects on ADG or ADFI. In addition, during the experimental period, feeding the cheese co-product in the nursery diet improved (P = 0.008) F/G compared to pigs fed the control diet, resulting in an improvement (P = 0.032) in overall F/G. There were no effects on ADG or ADFI. In conclusion, F/G tended to be improved in offspring weaned from sows fed the cheese co-product, and feeding it in phase 1 and 2 nursery diets improved F/G and tended to reduce the number of pigs that lost weight in the first three days after weaning
Evaluating the Effects of Startup Soybean Meal on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Fecal Dry Matter, and Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Crude Protein
No full textA total of 300 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 11.8 ± 0.01 lb) were used in a 38-d growth study. Pens were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a generalized randomized complete block design with five pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per treatment. Two batches of soybean meal were sourced from the same processing plant. The first batch was obtained from the initial truckload from the startup phase of the plant. Approximately four hours later, a second batch was sourced when the soybean meal processing had stabilized. To assess the nutritional quality of soybean meal, protein solubility in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and trypsin inhibitor units (TIU) were measured on both sources. The startup soybean meal had a KOH solubility of 68.9% and a TIU of 6.34 ± 0.12 TIU/mg seed powder, while the normal soybean meal had a KOH solubility of 82.1% and a TIU of 7.12 ± 0.54 TIU/mg seed powder. The two different soybean meal sources were blended to create a titration of startup soybean meal in the diet. Startup soybean meal replaced 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the normal soybean meal to form the dietary treatments. The nutritional composition of both soybean meal sources was considered the same and thus the startup soybean meal replaced the normal soybean meal on an equal weight basis without other changes to the formulation. All diets were provided in mash form, with dietary treatments fed throughout all three dietary phases. From d 0 to 10, increasing the startup soybean meal led to a marginal decrease (linear, P \u3c 0.10) in ADG and d 10 BW and poorer (linear, P = 0.041) F/G. From d 10 to 22, increasing startup soybean meal decreased ADG and d 22 BW (linear, P \u3c 0.05), with a marginal worsening (linear, P = 0.067) of F/G. However, no differences were observed for any growth performance criteria from d 22 to 38 and for the overall nursery period. On d 10 and 22, fecal DM decreased (d 10, linear, P = 0.053; d 22, linear, P = 0.045) as startup soybean meal increased in the diet. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.095) as startup soybean meal increased in the diet, but there was no evidence of a difference in ATTD of CP. In conclusion, the quality of startup soybean meal can affect the performance of nursery pigs, specifically during the first three weeks after weaning, suggesting that pigs may be particularly sensitive to soybean meal quality during that phase of growth. However, pigs adjusted to the startup soybean meal toward the end of the nursery period, leading to no differences in overall growth
Effects of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Valine:Lysine Ratios on the Growth Performance of 50 to 80 lb Pigs
No full textA total of 351 pigs (DNA 600 × 241; initially 47.1 ± 0.77 lb) were used in a 21-d experiment to determine the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys ratio in 50 to 80 lb pigs. There were 12 replications per treatment with five pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of six corn-soybean meal-based dietary treatments with SID Val:Lys ratios of 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, and 75%. A basal diet was formulated with the lowest SID Val:Lys ratio and L-valine was added to create the diet with the highest Val:Lys ratio. The high and low diets were then blended to create the intermediate diets. On d 0, 10, and 21, pigs were weighed to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Blood was drawn on d 10 for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) analysis. From d 0 to 10, BW, ADG and F/G improved (linear, P \u3c 0.05) as SID Val:Lys ratio increased, but with little improvement past a 72% Val:Lys ratio. No differences were observed from d 10 to 20 (P \u3e 0.10). Similar to d 0 to 10, the overall F/G improved (linear, P = 0.012) as Val:Lys ratio increased but with little improvement past 72% Val:Lys ratio. As Val:Lys ratio increased, there was an increase in PUN concentration (linear, P = 0.029). Valine intake grams per day and Val intake per kg of gain increased (linear, P \u3c 0.001) as Val:Lys ratio increased. Lysine intake per kg of gain decreased (linear P = 0.029) as the Val:Lys ratio increased. Broken-line analysis indicated overall feed efficiency improved with increasing Val:Lys ratio with the breakpoint at a 69% SID Val:Lys ratio. The results of this study suggest that a 69 to 72% SID Val:Lys ratio may be ideal for 50 to 80 lb pigs
Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Diets with or without Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs in Early and Late Finishing Phases
No full textThis study aimed to determine the minimum soybean meal (SBM) inclusion in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to optimize growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. For the early finishing period (Exp. 1), a total of 4,080 pigs were used in a 28-day trial. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial with main effects of DDGS (none or 30%) and increasing SBM (low, low-medium, medium-high, and high). There were 34 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment. Diets without DDGS contained 17.5, 23.3, 29.1, or 34.9% SBM, while diets with DDGS contained 3.9, 12.8, 21.8, or 30.6% SBM. For the late finishing period (Exp. 2), a total of 3,984 pigs were used in a 28-day trial. Diets were also arranged in a 2 × 4 arrangement with main effects of DDGS (none or 15%) and SBM (low, low-medium, medium-high and high). There were 30 to 34 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment. Diets without DDGS contained 6.5, 11.5, 16.4, or 21.3% SBM while diets with DDGS contained none, 6.4, 12.8, or 19.2% SBM. The NE of corn was assumed to be 1,228 Kcal/lb and soybean meal was assumed to be 1,267 Kcal/lb (103% of corn NE). Following the 28-day growth study, pigs were marketed on a fixed weight basis across three marketing events, and carcass characteristics were collected. Between experiments, from 140 to 175 lb, pigs were fed a common diet with 7.5% DDGS. In Exp. 1, a tendency (P = 0.088) for a linear interaction between DDGS and SBM level was observed for ADG, where increasing SBM decreased ADG in diets with 30% DDGS but did not affect diets without DDGS. Pigs fed 30% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) ADFI and poorer F/G than pigs fed the corn-SBM-based diet without DDGS. Increasing SBM, regardless of DDGS inclusion, decreased ADFI (linear, P = 0.001) and improved F/G (linear, P = 0.043). In Exp. 2, from d 0 to d 28, an interaction (linear, P ≤ 0.05) between DDGS and SBM level was observed for ADG and ADFI, where increasing SBM reduced ADG and ADFI only in diets containing 15% DDGS. Pigs fed diets without DDGS had a tendency (P = 0.094) for improved F/G compared to pigs fed 15% DDGS. Increasing SBM improved F/G (linear, P \u3c 0.001) but did not affect final BW. Marginal interactions between DDGS and SBM for percentage lean and loin depth (P ≤ 0.10) were observed with increasing SBM improving these traits to a greater extent in diets with 15% DDGS. Pigs fed diets without DDGS had increased (P \u3c 0.05) HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth. Increasing SBM decreased carcass yield (linear, P \u3c 0.001) and backfat depth (quadratic, P = 0.033), regardless of DDGS inclusion. In conclusion, 30% and 15% DDGS negatively affected ADG and F/G in the early and late finishing periods, respectively. Feeding 29.1% SBM without DDGS and 21.8% SBM with 30% DDGS in the early period improved F/G without compromising ADG, while feeding 16.4% SBM without DDGS and 19.2% SBM with 15% DDGS in the late period improved F/G and carcass characteristics. Caloric efficiency was not changed with increasing SBM, suggesting that our initial estimate for SBM of 103% of the NE value for corn was appropriate