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State Policies and Their Impact on Pharmacy Students’ Selection of Postgraduate Training Sites
No full textPurpose: This research intends to explore factors influencing fourth-year pharmacy students\u27 postgraduate training location choices, focusing on state policies affecting pharmacy practice. Key topics include harm reduction, reproductive laws, and pharmacist scope of practice. It will examine how state law variations impact students\u27 career decisions. Methods: This is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study that will collect data via an online Qualtrics survey administered from March 10 to April 30, 2025. The survey targets fourth-year US pharmacy students intending to pursue residency or fellowship. A standardized questionnaire will assess demographics, background, and attitudes toward state laws, including their influence on postgraduate site selection. Questions will explore students’ perceptions of specific policies, their willingness to practice in different states, and the importance of these laws in their decision-making process. Data will be analyzed using SPSS verison 29. Descriptive statistics will summarize responses, and univariable logistic regression will determine correlations between state policies and training preferences. Significance is set at P \u3c 0.05. Results: The results of this study are currently pending, as data collection concludes in April 2025. It is anticipated that the results will show that state policy does play a role in the decision-making process of fourth-year pharmacy students who are pursuing a postgraduate residency or fellowship. This is hypothesized due to recent trends seen in research pertaining to the impact of reproductive policies on physicians’ decisions in the locations they complete residencies and fellowships following the overturning of Roe vs Wade in June 2022. Conclusion: While many studies explore why pharmacy students pursue postgraduate training, fewer examine location choices. This study aims to highlight the role of state policies in postgraduate site selection
“Europe is Not My Center. Europe is on the Outskirts”: The Battle between Languages-of-Power and Native Languages in Anderson’s Imagined Communities and Ousmane Sembène’s Emitai
No full textIn Camera d’Afrique (1983), Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène, considered the “godfather of African cinema” exclaims that: “Europe is not my center. Europe is on the outskirts. After 100 years here, did they speak my language?” after being asked if his films were understood in Europe (Boughedir). Sembène’s frustrations demonstrate the key issue of language which he and other filmmakers from post-colonial countries faced when seeking to make films that spoke for and too their regional audiences. As a filmmaker from a country that was a French colony for over three hundred years, Sembène’s films were shaped by the scars of French linguistic lashings, which imposed French, the national language of the French empire, as Senegal’s administrative language and the default tongue of its cinema. In Emitai (1971), Sembène’s third feature-length film, the tensions between native African languages and French were made explicit. The narrative of the film revolves around a group of French military officers, along with their French-speaking Senegalese comrades, who seek to dominate a rural Ajamat village (a West African ethnic group) by taking the rice they use for religious ceremonies and giving it to the French army during WWII. Benedict Anderson’s concepts of “print capitalism” as well as “the fatality of language,” from his book Imagined Communities (1983) help explain the risk that languages-of-power pose to indigenous tongues and the artificial leveraging of said languages to control African countries through neo-colonialism. By using Anderson’s work to analyze the use of printed French text as propaganda in Emitai, I will demonstrate how colonial powers use languages-of-power to indoctrinate their subjects, as well as how Sembène weaponizes French and Ajamat to undermine colonial control by breaking away from the capitalistic demands of languages-of-power which often control the marketability and production of African stories
Effects of Training with Different Set-Repetition Configurations on High-Intensity Exercise Endurance and Acute Recoverability
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate how high- (3x10) versus low-repetition (3x2) resistance training affects (1) muscular strength-endurance and (2) immediate recovery after a high-intensity exercise effort (HIEE). Fourteen college-aged participants (10 males: 24.5 ± 4.9 yrs, 1.76 ± 0.05 m, 86.56 ± 6.90 kg; 4 females: 23.0 ± 2.8 yrs, 1.58 ± 0.09 m, 62.19 ± 5.96 kg) completed a 4-week training program and were divided into two groups: G2 (3x2; 5 males, 2 females) and G10 (3x10; 5 males, 2 females). All subjects performed back squats to failure at 67.5% of baseline 1RM. Repetitions (REPS) and volume load with displacement (VLd) were measured pre- and post-training to assess changes in HIEE performance. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL), and muscle oxygenation (SMO2) were assessed at baseline (PRE), immediately post-exercise (IP), and during recovery at 5 minutes (5P) and 10 minutes (10P). Recovery time data and Pearson’s r correlations between changes in 1RM variables, VLd, scaled VLd, and SMO2 recovery were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. REPS significantly increased in both groups (p \u3e 0.001; g = 1.86 [0.90, 2.79]), but no significant group or time effects were observed for VLd. G10 demonstrated stronger correlations (r = 0.33–0.61) between changes in 1RM and VLd (including scaled VLd) compared to G2 (r = –0.13 to 0.26). No significant group, time, or interaction effects were found for HR, BL, or SMO2 recovery. However, G10 showed a non-significant trend toward greater lactate clearance between 5P and 10P (p = 0.29; g = 0.29 [–0.01, 0.58]). Although both protocols produced similar improvements in strength-endurance, the stronger correlations in G10 suggest potentially different adaptation mechanisms. Additionally, the trend toward improved lactate clearance in G10 may indicate that higher-repetition training facilitates faster recovery following maximal effort exercise
Hierarchy In Sensation: Exploring the 40 Hz Auditory Steady State Synchrony in The Primary Auditory and Prefrontal Association Cortices
No full textAuditory processing begins in the cochlea and ascends through brainstem relays to the cortex, where sound features with increasing complexity are encoded. The 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) reflects induced gamma synchrony shaped by local cortical circuit dynamics. Disrupted 40 Hz ASSR is a consistent finding in schizophrenia, linked to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in inhibitory interneurons, making it a promising translational biomarker. While multiple ASSR generators have been identified, it is not known if these are redundant or represent unique activity. This dissertation investigates regional differences in 40 Hz ASSR across two principal generators: the primary auditory cortex (Actx) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in awake Sprague-Dawley rats using epidural EEG. We hypothesized that specific regions encode click trains differently; that is, earlier stations of the auditory neuraxis (e.g. Actx) are more sensitive to basic stimulus features, while later stations (e.g. PFC) support more abstract information processing. Given that regional encoding may reflect distinct circuit configurations, including varying receptor densities and subtypes, we varied stimulus parameters (intensity, click number, jitter) and assessed ASSR responses before and after pharmacological manipulation (e.g., NMDAR antagonists, atypical antipsychotics). The Actx exhibited rapid (~ 40 ms onset), phase-locked gamma synchrony that was robust across some stimulus feature manipulations. In contrast, the PFC displayed delayed (~200 ms), phase-locked gamma that emerged only with some types of stimuli (e.g. click trains but not triangle waves) that carried a threshold number (≥8) of stimuli requirement and was disrupted by even minor timing variability (±4% of the interclick interval). Higher harmonics of ASSR were reliably observed but differentially affected by pharmacological treatment, suggesting that complex sounds like click trains are encoded through multiple frequency channels. Low doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801, augmented gamma synchrony in the Actx but abolished the same in the PFC. Conversely, clozapine and risperidone enhanced gamma synchrony in the PFC while disrupting it in the Actx, highlighting region-specific effects. Overall, these findings establish that 40 Hz ASSR can encode distinctly across cortical regions and could serve as a regional, pharmacologically sensitive, translational biomarker for guiding drug development in neuropsychiatry
