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Management strategies of multi-sports clubs including Kendo in China
Get PDFIn recent years, the dissemination of Kendo in China has given rise to new types of sports clubs that differ from traditional dojos, which focus exclusively on teaching Kendo. The study by Liu and Sano identified the current trend in which Kendo is incorporated as one of several disciplines offered within multi-sports clubs, and discussed the associated advantages and challenges. Moreover, drawing on diversification theory in business management, the study analyzed the motivations behind this emerging form of club management and its broader implications.
Notably, in China’s first-tier cities—where Kendo has experienced the most significant growth—the role of Kendo within multi-sports clubs is not uniform. Differences in management structures and the range of disciplines offered have led to the emergence of diverse club models. In light of this, the present study conducted three case studies of multi-sports clubs that include Kendo, focusing specifically on first-tier Chinese cities. Through interviews, the study explored the founding contexts and operational characteristics of each club, and sought to classify multi-sports clubs from the perspective of differentiation strategies.
The findings indicate that the selection of disciplines in multi-sports clubs featuring Kendo is influenced by an interplay of internal and external factors. Internal factors include the personal characteristics, values, and skillsets of club managers, while external factors primarily involve market demand. In particular, the managers’ specialized knowledge of and enthusiasm for Kendo and martial arts serve as the foundation for strategic differentiation. At the same time, their flexible responses to the needs of local communities and customer bases translate this foundation into concrete managerial practices. This integration of personal attributes and environmental conditions plays a key role in shaping innovative business models in the niche sports sector, offering important insights into strategic differentiation within non-profit sports clubs.
Based on the three case studies, the motivations for adopting specific management models can be categorized into three distinct types. The first is the Kendo-core multi-sports club, in which Kendo is positioned as the core discipline, with other activities serving as complementary offerings targeting customers primarily interested in Kendo. The second is the Parallel Martial Arts Multi-Sports Club, which simultaneously offers multiple martial arts disciplines and caters to individuals seeking diverse martial arts experiences. The third is the Child-focused multi-sports club, which targets children as the main customer group and offers a wide range of sports activities tailored to their developmental needs. This typology not only illustrates the diversity of strategic motivations in managing minor sports but also contributes a novel analytical perspective to the existing literature by applying differentiation strategy theory.
This study elucidates the contextual factors behind the adoption of each management type and their implications for club operations, thereby enhancing understanding of the development and current state of Kendo in China. By highlighting the diversity of management models among multi-sports clubs, the study offers new possibilities for promoting and managing not only Kendo but other minor sports as well, providing practical insights for future strategic planning in the field of sports club management.近年，中国における剣道の普及の過程で，従来のように剣道のみを教授する剣道場とは異なる形態のクラブが出現している。Liu・Sanoの研究では，中国において剣道が多種目型スポーツクラブの一種目として位置づけられている現状を明らかにし，その利点や課題について議論した。また，経営学における多角化理論を用いて，この経営形態が形成される動機およびその影響を分析してきた。
しかし，特に剣道の普及が中国国内で最も進んでいる一線都市においては，多種目型スポーツクラブにおける剣道の位置づけは一様ではなく，クラブの経営構造や取り扱う種目の種類に応じて多様なタイプが存在するようになってきている。したがって，本研究では，中国の一線都市を対象に，剣道を含む多種目型スポーツクラブに関する3つの事例研究を行った。具体的には，インタビュー調査を通じて，各クラブの設立経緯や運営の特徴を分析し，差別化戦略の観点から多種目型スポーツクラブのタイプ分類を試みた。
研究の結果，剣道クラブを有する多種目型スポーツクラブにおける種目選定の動機は，経営者自身の個人的な特性，価値観，スキルといった内的要因と，市場需要などといった外的要因が相互に作用していることが明らかになった。特に，剣道や武道に対する経営者の専門的知識や情熱が差別化の基盤となっている一方で，地域社会や顧客層のニーズに応じた柔軟な対応が，それを具体的な経営方針として実現していることが特徴である。このように，個人的な特性と環境要因の融合は，マイナーなスポーツ市場における新しい経営モデルの構築に重要な役割を果たしており，非営利型スポーツクラブの戦略的差別化における貴重な示唆を提供するものである。この3つの事例を基に，経営方式を決めた動機を以下の3つのタイプに分類することができる。第一に，「剣道コア型多種目型スポーツクラブ」であり，剣道を中核種目とし，その他の種目を剣道の補助と位置づけ，剣道を学ぶことを目的とする顧客に焦点を当てたものである。第二に，「多武道並行型多種目型スポーツクラブ」であり，これは様々な武道種目を学びたいと考える顧客層を対象として，複数の種目を並行して経営するものである。第三に，「子ども中心型多種目型スポーツクラブ」であり，子どもを主な顧客層として，多様なスポーツ種目を提供するものである。この分類を踏まえ，経営学上の差別化戦略理論の観点から，マイナーなスポーツの経営方式を決める動機の多様性を明らかにするだけでなく，関連研究に新たな分析視点を提供した。
本研究により，各タイプが採用される背景や経営への影響を明らかにし，中国における剣道の発展および普及の実態をより深く理解できた。今後に，多種目型スポーツクラブの経営タイプの多様性を示すことで，剣道のみならず，他のマイナースポーツの普及や経営に関する新たな可能性を提示し，今後の経営戦略に関する指針を提供することを期待する。原著論文departmental bulletin pape
Analysis of priority study subjects for passing the judo-therapists national examination and prediction of scores and pass/fail outcomes based on mock examinations
Get PDFSince the pass rate of the national examination for judo-therapists has been declining, it is important to take measures to improve the pass rate. The national examination consists of 11 subjects, and the number of questions varies depending on the subject. Therefore, it is thought that prioritizing the study of subjects with a high impact on the overall score is one way of approaching success, but no previous research has been found on the importance of individual subjects and their impact on the overall score. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed 81 graduates of the judo-therapist training course at A Vocational School who took the national examination (the 28th to 32nd examinations) during the five years from 2020 to 2024 and submitted their self-grading results to the school. This study aims to identify the key academic subjects that should be prioritized to achieve success in the national examination. For this purpose, we divided students into groups based on their national examination scores and compared their subject scores. We also analyzed the impact of each subject’s score on the overall score, as well as the number of national examination questions per textbook page. In addition, we predicted the national examination scores and probability of passing from the results of the mock examination. As a result, it was clarified that the required and general questions should be separated and measures for the national examinations should be taken separately. Furthermore, the analysis of the general questions in the national examinations divided into three groups revealed that the scores in the five sub-jects of anatomy, physiology, pathology, general clinical medicine, and judo-therapy theory are important factors in whether or not a student can achieve 120 points or more on the general questions and that high-scoring students tend to achieve high scores in all subjects overall. The subjects that had a great impact on the scores of general questions in the national examinations were judo-therapy theory, physiology, anatomy, and general clinical medicine. Although standardized partial regression coefficients were used to eliminate the influence of the number of questions in each subject, these subjects corresponded to those with the large number of questions in the national examination. Furthermore, the subjects with a large number of questions per page in the textbook are also consistent with the subjects that appeared with a large number of questions. From the above, we conclude that the shortest way to pass the national examination is to conquer mastering judo-therapy theory, physiology, anatomy, and general clinical medicine at A Vocational School, and as a result, these subjects coincided with the subjects that appeared in a large number of questions on the nation-al examinations.柔道整復師国家試験の合格率は低下傾向にあるため，合格率向上のための対策は重要である。国家試験は11科目で構成されおり問題数は科目によって異なっている。そのため，総合点数に及ぼす影響が高い科目を優先的に学習することが合格に近づく一つの方法であると考えられるが，科目毎の重要性や総合点数に与える影響に関する先行研究は見当たらない。そこで本研究では，2020から2024年の5年間に国家試験（第28から32回）を受験したA専門学校の柔道整復師養成課程の卒業生のうち，自己採点結果を同校に提出した81名を対象とし，国家試験合格のために優先すべき学習科目を同定することを目的とした。その目的ために，国家試験点数に基づいて群分けを行い，各科目の点数を比較した。さらに各科目の点数が総合点に及ぼす影響や，教科書頁当たりの国家試験出題数についても分析を行った。また模擬試験結果から国家試験の点数や合格確率の予測を行った。今回の分析結果から，必修問題と一般問題はそれぞれ分離して国家試験対策を講じるべきであることが明らかとなった。また，国家試験の一般問題の点数を3群に分けた分析から，解剖学，生理学，病理学，一般臨床，柔整理論の5科目の点数が，一般問題で120点以上取得できるか否かの重要な要素となること，高得点合格群は全般的にどの科目も高得点を取得している傾向にあることが明らかとなった。国家試験において一般問題の点数への影響が高い科目は，柔整理論，生理学，解剖学，一般臨床であり，各科目の出題数の影響を排除するために標準化偏回帰係数を用いたにも関わらず，国家試験の出題数が多い科目と一致していた。そして，教科書の頁当たりの出題数が大きい科目も，出題数が多い科目と一致していた。以上のことから，A専門学校において柔整理論，生理学，解剖学，一般臨床を攻略することが国家試験合格への近道であり，結果として国家試験の出題数が多い科目と一致していたと結論付ける。原著論文departmental bulletin pape
Usefulness of the “Moshibana Game” for teaching advanced care planning (ACP) to paramedic training students
Get PDFBackground: A survey conducted in 2019 by Fire and Disaster Management Agency reported that although there were 5,359 annual emergency dispatches nationwide related to patients who did not want to CPR (Cardi-opulmonary resuscitation) despite cardiopulmonary arrest. However, 83.5% of them were continued CPR by the emergency medical service (EMS). For paramedics who provide pre-hospital emergency care, it is im-portant to understand advance care planning (ACP) to perform CPR in accordance with the will of the patient.
Objective: We conducted ACP education for paramedic students using “Moshibana Game”. We observed their changes in opinion and thought prior to and after taking part in said education.
METHODS: A 90-minute workshop included lecture and game were conducted to 74 third-year university students and above in a paramedic training program, and a questionnaire was used before and after the inter-vention.
Results: The idea of wanting to talk about one’s own and family members’ the end of life increased sig-nificantly after the workshop. The importance of talking about the end of life also increased significantly after the intervention. Talking about the end of life also provided an opportunity to think about “how to live” and “appreciation for life”.
Conclusion: The method of “Moshibana Game” into ACP education for paramedic training students pro-vided an opportunity to think about ACP in a concrete way.背景：総務省消防庁が2019年に実施した調査では，心肺蘇生を望まない傷病者に係る救急出動件数は全国で年間5,359件あったものの，83.5％は救急隊が心肺蘇生を継続していることが報告されている。病院前救急医療を担う救急救命士にとって，傷病者の意思に沿った心肺蘇生を行う上で，アドバンス・ケア・プランニング（以下ACP）を理解することは重要である。
目的：救急救命士養成課程の学生を対象として，「もしバナゲーム」を用いたACP教育を行い，教育前後の意識の変化を比較することで教育効果について検討した。
方法：救急救命士養成課程の大学3年生以上74名を対象に，90分で講義及び演習を行い，介入前後で質問紙を用いた調査を行った。
結果：自分や家族の最期について話をしておきたいという考えが事後に有意に上昇した。話をすることの重要性も，事後に有意に上昇した。「最期」の話を通じて「生き方」や「命への感謝」について考える機会にもなった。
結論：救急救命士養成課程の学生に対するACP教育に「もしバナゲーム」を導入したことで，ACPを具体的に考える機会を作ることが出来た。原著論文departmental bulletin pape
日常事象を取り入れた算数科の授業開発と実践 : 『尋常小学算術』に着目して
Get PDF日本体育大学Nippon Sport Science University博士（教育学）Doctor of Educationdoctoral thesi
Large-scale survey to establish performance targets and improve learning environment at judo therapist training centers
Get PDF日本体育大学Nippon Sport Science University博士（柔道整復学）Doctor of Philosophy in Judo therapydoctoral thesi
A study on participation in public education overcoming the deprivation of opportunity and motivation for participation : neoliberal educational reform and its counters
Get PDFThis paper argues that self-governance efforts to return decision-making about public education from the chiefs to the general public. This movement is considered as an alternative to the neoliberal educational re-forms that have been criticized for depriving parents and locals from decision making process. But contrary to their intentions, their effort might lead similar outcome to the neoliberal educational reforms, and have, in turn, deprived most people from their decision-making authority.
First, while this paper shares the view that many people are socially and economically impoverished and deprived of the desire and opportunity to participate, it critically examines the failure (or dare not) to offer an alternative to the argument that parents and community members have replaced their unwillingness to participate in schools with the theory of personal responsibility. This paper examines this issue in a critical manner.
In contrast, this paper suggests the possibility of participation as a counterbalance to neoliberalism, focusing not on “who makes the decisions” but on “how the views can be reflected” of those whose willingness to participate in public education has been socially and economically deprived.本論は，選択と競争により格差を増長し，地域住民や保護者の自己統治の機会を奪ってきたと批判される首長主導の新自由主義的教育改革のオルタナティブとして考えられている，公教育に関する意思決定を首長から一般市民に取り戻そうとする自己統治の取り組みが，その意に反して新自由主義教育改革と同様の独善的意思決定をもたらしていることを批判的に捉える。そしてそうした新自由主義の対抗軸もまた，決定権限の奪い合いに終始するのみで逆に一般市民の支持を失うばかりか，多くの人々の参加への意欲をますます奪い自己責任論を強化してしまうという事態を招きかねないことを明らかとする。
まず，本論では多くの人々が社会的・経済的に困窮し，参加への意欲と機会を奪われているという見解を共有しながらも，保護者や地域住民が学校に参加する意欲がないことを自己責任論に置き換えた主張に対して代替案を提示できなかった（あるいはあえて提示しなかった）ことを批判的に検討する。対して，本論では，新自由主義の対抗軸として，「誰が意思決定を下すのか」ではなく，これまで公教育への参加の意欲が社会的・経済的によって奪われた状態にある人々の「意見をどのように反映させることができるのか」に焦点を置いた参加の可能性を示唆するものである。原著論文departmental bulletin pape